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Chapter 25: The Digestive System
The Digestive System
61
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/11/2011

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Cards

Term
What are the 2 major divisions of the digestive system?
Definition
  • digestive tract
    • oral cavity
    • pharynx
    • esophagus
    • stomach
    • small intestine
    • large intestine
  • accessory organs
    • teeth
    • tongue
    • glandular organs
    • salivary glands
    • liver
    • pancreas
Term
What are the 7 major functions of the Digestive System?
Definition
  • ingestion
  • mechanical processing
  • digestion
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • excretion
  • compaction
Term
ingestion
Definition
substance entering system through oral cavity
Term
mechanical processing
Definition
mastification
Term
digestion
Definition
  • chemical and enzymatic breakdown of:
    • complex sugars, lipids, and proteins
  • into small organic molecules which can be absorbed by the digestive epithelium
Term
secretion
Definition
of acids, enzymes and buffers
Term
absorption
Definition
  • movement of organic molecules across the digestive epithelium
  • electrolytes
  • vitamins
  • water
  • enters into intersitial fluid of the digestive tract
Term
excretion
Definition
waste products are secreted into the digestive tract
Term
compaction
Definition
dehydration of indigestible/organic materials and organic wastes
Term
What is the function of the oral cavity?
Definition
  • analysis of material before swallowing
  • mechanical processing
  • lubrication/hydrolysis
  • chemical digestion by salivary enzyme
Term
Tongue
Definition
  • mechanical processing
    • compression, abrasion, and distortion
  • sensory analysis
    • touch, temperature, and taste receptors
  • secretion
    • mucins and an enzyme that aids in fat digestion
  • phonetic articulation
Term
Tongue anatomy
Definition

2 parts:

  1. anterior body (oral portion)
  2. posterior root (pharyngeal portion)
Term
tongue muscle groups
Definition
  1. intrinsic tongue muscles- fine motor movements
  2. extrinsic tongue muscles- gross motor movements
  3. tongue innervation- XIII hypoglossal
Term
What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?
Definition
  • parotid salivary glands
  • sublingual salivary glands
  • submandibular salivary glands
Term
parotid salivary glands
Definition
  • largest
  • secretes thick, serous secretions
  • salivary amylase
    • complex carbohydrates
Term
sublingual salivary glands
Definition
  • floor of the mouth
  • secrete mucous
Term
submandibular salivary glands
Definition
  • floor of the mouth
  • 70% of all salivary secretions
Term
What is the function of the teeth?
Definition
mastification
Term
What are the 4 types of teeth?
Definition

ICBM

  • incisors
  • cuspids
  • bicuspids
  • molars
Term
incisors
Definition

blade-shaped teeth are found at the front of the mouth

(clipping and cutting)

Term
cuspids/canines
Definition

canines are conical with sharp ridgeline and pointed tip

(tearing or slashing)

Term
bicuspids/premolars
Definition

one or two roots

(crushing, mashing, and grinding)

Term
molars
Definition

very large flattened crowns with prominent ridges and typically have three or more roots

(crushing and grinding)

Term
deglutition
Definition
swallowing
Term
deglutition apnea
Definition
temporary stoppage of breathing while swallowing
Term
esophagus
Definition
hollow muscular tube that transports foods and liquids to stomach
Term
bolus
Definition
chewed mass of food
Term
esophogeal peristalsis
Definition
muscular contraction to move bolus down
Term
barret's esophagus
Definition
caused by longterm heartburn when lining of esophagus becomes similar to lining of stomach
Term
What are the 3 main functions of the stomach?
Definition
  1. bulk storage
  2. causes mechanical breakdown of food
  3. chemical digestion by acids and enzymes
Term
chyme
Definition
  • bile makes it green
  • food mixed with gastric juices
  • viscous/soupy
Term
What is the general anatomy of the stomach?
Definition
  • intraperitoneal and J shaped
  • shape varies from person to person and size of meal
Term
What are the 4 regions of the stomach?
Definition
  1. cardia
  2. fundus
  3. body
  4. pylorus

[image]

Term
cardia
Definition
contacts the esophagus, so named after proximity to the heart
Term
body of stomach
Definition
largest region of stomach; it functions as a mixing tank for ingested food and gastric secretions
Term
pylorus
Definition
the curve of the J, as mixing movements occur during digestion, the pylorus commonly changes shape
Term
What supplies blood to the stomach?
Definition
  • three branches of the celiac artery
  • gastric and gastroepiploic veins drain blood into the hepatic portal vein
Term
Innervation of the stomach
Definition
  • production of acid and enzymes controlled by CNS
  • indirectly regulated by local hormones
  • ANS control
    • vagus nerve
    • celiac plexus
    • the sight or thought of food triggers motor output
    • sympathetic activation leads to the inhibition of gastric activity
Term
peptic ulcer
Definition
  • 70-90% of ulcers are associated with helicobacter pylori (bacteria)
  • ulcers can also be caused or worsened by drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, NSAIDs

 

Term
gastric bypass
Definition

bypassing stomach

[image]

Term
small intestine
Definition
  • averages 20 feet
  • 90% of nutrient absorption occurs here
Term
What are the 3 regions of the duodenum?
Definition
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
Term
duodenum
Definition
  • shortest and widest segment
  • contains mucous glands
  • intestinal villi
Term
jejunum
Definition
bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in the jejunum
Term
ileum
Definition
longest; ends in a sphincter which controls the flow of materials from the ileum into the cecum of the large intestine
Term
Crohns Disease
Definition
  • autoimmune disease
  • usual onset between 15-30 years
  • inflammatory bowel disease
Term
large intestine
Definition
  • horseshoe shaped
  • reabsorption of water and electrolytes
  • absorption of important vitamins
  • strage of fecal material
Term
flexure
Definition
any time the large intestine changes direction
Term
appendix
Definition
  • worm shaped
  • provides a "safe house" for bacteria
Term
appendicitis
Definition
  • caused by lumen obstruction
  • fecaliths-calcified fecal deposits
Term
cecum
Definition
expanded pouch at the beginning of the ileum
Term
colon
Definition
  • wall of the colon forms a series of pouches or haustra that permit considerable distension and elongation
Term
colic flexure
Definition
where the ascending colon becomes the transverse colon
Term
sigmoid flexure
Definition
where descending colon turns into sigmoid colon
Term
rectum
Definition
  • expandable organ for the temporary storage of fecal matter
  • ends in anus
Term
liver
Definition
  • largest visceral organ
  • regulates metabolism
    • circulating levels of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids are regulated by the liver
    • extracts nutrients or toxins from blood before it reaches systemic regulation
  • hematological regulation
    • largest blood reservoir in body
Term
blood supply to the liver
Definition
  • hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
  • blood returns to the systemic circuit through the hepatic veins that open into the inferior vena cava
Term
bile secretion and transport
Definition
  • bile is secreted into a network of narrow channels between the opposing membranes of adjacent liver cells
    • right and left hepatic ducts collect bile
    • these ducts unite to form the common hepatic duct that leaves the liver
    • the bile within the common hepatic duct may either
      • flow into the common bile duct that empties into the duodenum
      • enter the cystic duct that leads to the gallbladder
Term
what are the 2 major functions of the gallbladder?
Definition
  • bile storage 
  • bile modification
    • water is absorbed making bile more concentrated
Term
Cholelithiasis
Definition
  • calculi- 3 F's
  • gall stones
  • causes
    • lowfiber
    • high cholesterol
    • starchy foods
Term
pancreas
Definition
  • lies posterior to the stomach, extending laterally from the duodenum toward the spleen
  • primarily an exocrine organ producing digestive enzymes and buffers, although it does serve and endocrine function
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