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The breakdown of organic molecule to obtain energy is known as |
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For energy to be created, you need 3 things |
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| Essential functions of cellular metabolism includes |
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Growth and Cell Division Secretion Contraction |
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| The two major compontents of metabolism are |
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| Glycogen is the most abundant storage of energy compounds whcih is from the breakdown of _________ |
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| ___________ are most abundant storage from lipds and fatty acids. |
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| THE most abundant organic compound in the body is/are ________ |
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In Glycolysis, Glucose is broken down into smaller molecules to be used by ________ of the cells |
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| ANEROBIC breaksdown glucose into ____________. |
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| Shin Splints are a result of pyruvic acid becoming _______ ________ which builds up in your body. |
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| If oxygen is present, mitochondria absorb & breakdown pyruvic acid in a process called |
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| AEROBIC reaction or metabolism |
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| There are 4 methods of producing ATP |
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1. TCA Cycle 2. Oxydative Phosphorylation 3. Oxidation 4. ETS (Electron Transport System) |
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| When Carbon and Oxygen atoms are removed and released as CO2, this process is called |
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| The function of the TCA cycle is |
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| to remove H+ atoms from pyruvic acid to produce citric acid, A.K.A. Kreb's Cycle |
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| In the TCA cycle, just know that WATER is produced, H+ ions are given off, and CO2 is a waste product |
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| The product of ONE TCA cycle is = 1 molecule of GTP which becomes ATP |
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| The generation of ATP within Mitochondria which requires Hydrogen, Oxygen and Coenzymes is called ________________ |
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| Oxydative phosphorylation |
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| Oxydative Phosphorylation produces ____% of the body's ATP. |
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| The ETS (Electron Transport System) is the key reaction in Oxy Phos which occurs in the mitochondrial membrane. Its also called _______ |
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| this mean Loss of Electrons |
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| This means gain of electrons |
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| Electrons transfer Energy via ____________ ions |
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| _________ act as intermediaries by accepting and transferring molecules in Oxdiation-Reduction reactions. |
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| It "assists only" in ATP production by creating a steep concentration gradient across the mitochondrial membran. The electrons release energy when transferred assiting to make ATP |
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| The most important mechanism for generation of ATP is |
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| Oxydative Phosphorylation |
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| _________ is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
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| ___________ is the formation of glycogen from glucose |
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| Lipid molecules contain 3 things: |
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| The most ABUNDANT lipid in the body is/are __________ |
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| When you break down a lipid, you get __________ & __________ |
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| Ok, now once you have your Glycerol and Fatty Acids, you can convert those to __________ via the TCA cycle. |
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| The conversion of Fatty Acids into Acetyl-CoA is called |
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| Lipid Synthesis is also called |
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| Acetyl-CoA helps synthesize _________ |
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| ____ ____ acids are lipds that can easily cross cell membranes, and are usually bound to albumin in the blood. They are the most ABUNDANT plasm protein. |
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CHYLOMICRONS VDLs IDLs LDLs HDLs |
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LDLs (lousy) drop off cholesterol to the periphery. They 're like the litterbugs of cholesterol. HDLs pick it up from the periphery and bring it to the liver for metabolization. They're like the trash-picker-uppers. |
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The body synthesizes 100,000 to 140,000 kinds of protiens. Name them. Actually about 20 amino acids build all proteins. |
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| Deanimation is the process of breaking down _______ ______ in the TCA cycle |
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The bonds between TWO amino acids are known as |
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| In Amino acid catabolism, pyridoxine is required.... otherwise known as |
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| Keytones in the urine means |
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lack of protein breakdown |
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| Name 3 negatives in Protein Catabolism |
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1. Proteins are more difficult to break down 2. Ammonium ions are a toxic biproduct 3. Protiens are needed for cell structure |
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In protein synthesis, the body synthesizes 50% of the amino acids needed to build proteins. NON-essential amino acids are made by the body on demand. |
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| The main focal point of metabolic regulation is this organ |
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Know the following about what they do: Adipose Tissue stores lipids which are brokent down when glucose is low. Liver cells regulate nutrient levels in blood |
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Neural tissue has no nutrient reserves and needs constant glucose. CNS needs glucose or you become unconscious. |
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| Body has 2 patterns of daily metabolic activity: ABSORPTIVE AND POST ABSORPTIVE...... What is the difference? (test question) |
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Absporptive is period following a meal where NUTRIENT absorption is undeway. PostAbsorptive is where NO nutrient absportion happens and body relies on energy reserves for energy demands. |
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| Metabolic Activities are coordinated by these 4 things..... |
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Glucagon Epinephrine Glucocorticoids Growth Hormone |
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| The appearance of keytone bodies in the bloodstream is known as |
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| A dangerous drop in blood PH caused by high keytone levels is called |
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In the postabsorptive state, ___________ in the liver maintains blood glucose reserves |
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| The absorption of nutrients from food is known as |
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| Beef, Fish, Poultry, Eggs and Milk provide all the essential COMPLETE PROTEINS in the form of _______ ______ |
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| Incomplete proteins are found in |
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| PLANTS which is a problem in vegetarian diets |
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| Nitrogen balance in the body is not stored. Its obtained from diet and lost thru urine and feces. |
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Nitrogen is recycled in the body also to maintain balance |
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| A positive nitrogen balance is when ingestion ________ secretion |
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EXCEEDS its important in childhood growth |
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| What are the fat soluable vitamins again? |
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| Inorganic ions released thru breakdown of electrolytes are otherwise known as |
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| Retinal pigment (eyesight) |
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| conversionto calcitriol which increases rate of intestinal calcium absorption........... BONES |
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| Stabilizes intracellular membranes |
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| Poor diet contributes to which diseases? |
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Obesity Heart Disease Hypertension Diabetes Artherosclerosis |
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| Vitamins stored in the body are FAT soluable. Water soluable vitamins are rarely toxic and excreted in the urine. |
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Vitamin B12 is the ONLY vitamin that needs intrinsic factor before absorption |
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| When chemical bonds are broken, energy is __________ |
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| The measure of total energy released when bonds are broken down by digestion |
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| Energy required to raise 1 kilogram of water 1 degree centigrade... this is a Calorie (C) |
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| What is the metabolic Rate? |
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| Sume of all anabolic and catabolic processes in the body |
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| Basal Metabolic Rate.... its the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake and alert person. |
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| If your energy intake EXCEEDS your energy demands, what does the body do? |
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The body will store excess energy as triglycerides in adipose tissue. Energy NOT used is released as heat |
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| When adipose tissues are in an absorptive state, this hormone is released |
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THermoregulation is basically |
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heat exchange to mainatin environment |
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| This part of the brain is known as the HEAT REGULATORY CENTER |
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| The heat-loss center does 3 actions: |
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Definition
1. inhibits vasomotor center causing vasodilation, skin temp rises 2. stimulate sweat glands 3. stimulates respiratory centers |
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Distinguish between insensible and sensible perspiration |
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Insensible is when water evaporates on skin surface naturally Sensible is water from your sweat glands |
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| In heat dissipation, when the body wants to rid heat, the inner muscular veins ________ and the outer veins ________. |
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| muscular veins constrict and the outer veins dilate |
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2 methods of generating heat: |
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Definition
Shivering thermogenesis Non-Shivering thermogenesis |
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| Non shivering takes longer as its a hormonal change in the body to generate heat. |
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| Shivering can create 400% increase in heat |
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| Thermoregulation in infants is a problem.... why? |
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because babies lose heat quickly due to small size temperature regulating mechanism is not fully functional and best, INFANTS CAN NOT SHIVER |
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You will get what grade on the test tomorrow? |
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