Term
| What is the function of the male reproductive system? |
|
Definition
| Manufacture gametes and to deliver them to the female reproductive tract. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organs/accessory organs make up the male reproductive system? |
|
Definition
| Gonads, accessory glands and organs, and perineal structures that form the external genetalia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produce gametes and hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pouch of skin contains the testis/gonad of the male. |
|
|
Term
| What is the scrotum divided into and by what? |
|
Definition
| Divided into two scrotal cavities by a scrotal septum |
|
|
Term
| What is the scrotal septum marked by? |
|
Definition
| A raised ridge called the raphe |
|
|
Term
| What is the scrotums function? |
|
Definition
| Allows testicles to descend outside of the body cavity where they can remain cooler and proper sperm production can occur. |
|
|
Term
| What temperature does sperm production occur optimally at? |
|
Definition
| 3 degrees below normal body temperature |
|
|
Term
| What two muscles allow the scrotum to change size and shape during temperature changes? |
|
Definition
| The dartos and cremaster muscles |
|
|
Term
| What is the dartos muscle made out of and what is its function? |
|
Definition
| Made of smooth muscle and it wrinkles the scrotum to trap warm air |
|
|
Term
| What is the cremaster muscle made out of and what is its function? |
|
Definition
| Made of skeletal muscle that pulls the testicles close to the body which regulates body temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paired oval-shaped gonads of the male located in the scrotum |
|
|
Term
| Testes descend through the _________ ________ during development. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is sperm produced within the testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the interstitial cells do? |
|
Definition
| Produce androgens. Specifically testosterone. |
|
|
Term
| What divides the testes into 250-300 lobules? What is it described as? |
|
Definition
| Tunica albuginea. A tough, inner fibrous capsule that extends internally |
|
|
Term
| What does each of the 250-300 lobule contain? |
|
Definition
| One to four seminiferous tubules. |
|
|
Term
| How is sperm transported from the ST? |
|
Definition
| Via the tubulus rectis into the rete testes then out of the efferent ductules into the epididymis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coiled tube approx. twenty feet long consisting of a head, body, and tail. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the epididymis located? |
|
Definition
| Posterior, lateral side of the testicle. |
|
|
Term
| What does the epididymis store? |
|
Definition
| Non-motile sperm for twenty days as it matures to a swimming sperm |
|
|
Term
| What does the epididymis contain that absorbs excess fluid and provides nutrients to the sperm? |
|
Definition
| Sterociia. Non-motile microvilli. |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the ductus deferens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the vas deferens? |
|
Definition
| Transports the sperm out of the epididymis and twoards the urethra |
|
|
Term
| The vas deferens is a part of the ______ _____ along with blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and extends into the pelvic cavity then up and over and behind the bladder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contraction of _______ _______ propels sperm from the epididymis through the vas deferens towards the urethra. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The terminal end of the vas deferens that is somewhat enlarged. |
|
|
Term
| What forms the ejaculatory duct? |
|
Definition
| The vas deferens joins the duct from the seminal vesicle |
|
|
Term
| What does each ejaculatory duct penetrate and drain? |
|
Definition
| The prostate. Drains the sperm and other secretions from the seminal vesicle into the urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cuts, ties, cauterizes the vas deferens |
|
|
Term
| What are the accessory structures/glands of the male reproductive system? |
|
Definition
| Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland |
|
|
Term
| What does the seminal vesicle produce? |
|
Definition
| A viscous, alkaline secretion containing fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting factors. |
|
|
Term
| The secretions of the seminal vesicles account for ____% of the volume of semen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the first step it capacitation occur? |
|
Definition
| When sperm mixes with the fluid of the seminal vesicles |
|
|
Term
| What is the first step of capacitation? |
|
Definition
| When the sperm begin beating their flagella/tails |
|
|
Term
| What is the prostate gland? |
|
Definition
| A small, single gland located at the base of the bladder |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important secretion of the prostate gland? |
|
Definition
| seminalplasmin which is an antibiotic protein that may help prevent urinary tract infections in males |
|
|
Term
| The secretions of the prostate account for ____% of the volume of semen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the bulbourethral gland? |
|
Definition
| Paired glands at the bulb of the penis |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the bulbourethral gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the bulbourethral gland produce? |
|
Definition
| thick, alkaline fluid that lubricates the tip of the penis and neutralizes the urinary acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the urinary and reproductive system |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the urethra? |
|
Definition
| Transport urine and semen to the exterior AT DIFFERENT TIMES |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 sections of the urethra? |
|
Definition
1.)Prostatic Urethra
2.)Membraneous Urethra
3.)Penile Urethra |
|
|
Term
| Where is the prostatic urethra? |
|
Definition
| Portion surrounded by the prostate gland |
|
|
Term
| Where is the membraneous urethra? |
|
Definition
| The portion that passes through the urogenital diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| Where is the penile urethra? |
|
Definition
| Portion that runs through the penis and opens to the outside of the body through the external urethral orifice. Accounts for 75% of urethral length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Male copulatory organ and along with the scrotum creates the male external genitalia. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 parts of the penis? |
|
Definition
1.)Root
2.)Body/Shaft
3.)Glans Penis
4.)Neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The bulb and crura of the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects the glans penis to the shaft? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What covers the glans penis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 masses of erectile tissue that make up the penis? |
|
Definition
1.)Corpus Spongiosum
2.)Corpus Cavernosa |
|
|
Term
| Where is the corpus spongiosum? |
|
Definition
| The mid-ventral erectile body that surrounds the urethra and forms the glans penis |
|
|
Term
| Where is the corpus cavernosa? |
|
Definition
| Paired masses of dorsal erectile tissue that makes up most of the penis and extend to the neck of the penis |
|
|
Term
| What happens during arousal? |
|
Definition
| Enlargement and stiffening of the penis from engorgement of the erectile bodies with blood |
|
|
Term
| What supplies blood to the penis? What happens when the are constricted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the nervous system controls arousal? |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What does the parasympathetic nervous system promote the release of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fxn of the nitric oxide? |
|
Definition
| relaxation of the smooth muscles allowing the blood vessels of the penis to dilate. |
|
|
Term
| What does expansion of the corpus cavernosa prevent? |
|
Definition
| Blood from draining from the penis because it compresses the drainage veins. |
|
|
Term
| What does the parasympathetic impulse also cause? |
|
Definition
| bulbourethral gland to release their secretions before ejaculation occurs to lubricate the urethra and tip of the penis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability of a male to maintain an erection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Propulsion of semen from the male duct system as a result of a spinal reflex |
|
|
Term
| What part of the nervous system causes emission? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What propels the sperm towards the urethra within the prostate gland? |
|
Definition
| Peristaltic contractions of the vas deferens |
|
|
Term
| The ________ ______ and the ______ _____ begin contracting and their secretions mix with the sperm to form ______. |
|
Definition
| Seminal glands and the prostate glands. semen. |
|
|
Term
| What constricts/prevents the expulsion of urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Powerful series of rhythmic contraction that causes the semen to be ejected from the body. |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate of speed of ejaculation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the entire ejaculatory event referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pH range of semen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal amount of discharge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average sperm count per mL of ejaculate? |
|
Definition
| 50-130 million/mL of ejaculate |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate of abnormal morphology of sperm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of sperm exhibit forward motility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long can sperm survive after ejaculation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of sterility? |
|
Definition
| Someone who produces less than 20 million sperm/mL of ejaculate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does spermatogenesis begin? |
|
Definition
| During puberty and continues throughout life. |
|
|
Term
| How long does spermatogenesis take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 steps of spermatogenesis? |
|
Definition
1.)MITOSIS of spermatogonia
2.)One of the daughter cells undergoes MEIOSIS to form gametes
3.)Differentiation of immature gametes into mature sperm. Process known as spermiogenesis. |
|
|
Term
| What happens during MITOSIS of spermatogonia? |
|
Definition
| Each division of a diploid spermatogonium produces two daughter cells. One remains in contact with the basal lamina of the tubule and the other is a PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE that is pushed towards the lumen of the tubule. |
|
|
Term
| During MEOSIS I, each primary spermatocyte contains __ individual chromosomes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the end of MEOSIS I, the daughter cells are called secondary spermatocytes. Each secondary spermatocyte contains ____ chromosomes, each of which consists of a pair of ______ _______. |
|
Definition
| 23. Duplicate chromatids. |
|
|
Term
| When the secondary spermatocytes enter MEOSIS II, what is produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do each of the 4 haploid spermatids contain that were created during MEOSIS II? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For each primary spermatocyte that enters MEOSIS II, ______ spermatids are produced. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The spermatids undergo physical changes to form the spermatozoa or sperm. |
|
|
Term
| What does the head the sperm contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the acrosome contain? |
|
Definition
| Enzyme essential to fertilization of the egg that eats away at the outside of the egg to gain entry. |
|
|
Term
| What does the neck of the sperm contain? |
|
Definition
| Both centrioles of the original spermatid |
|
|
Term
| The microtubules of the distal centriole are continuous with those of the _____-_____ and ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the mid-piece of the sperm contain? |
|
Definition
| The mitochondria arranged in a spiral around the microtubules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A flagellum or whip-like organelle used to move the sperm. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the female reproductive system? |
|
Definition
| Produce gametes/egg/ova as well as nurture and protect the developing embryo. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paired, almond shaped gonads of the female located on each side of the uterus. |
|
|
Term
| What two ligaments hold the ovaries in place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are female gametes called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ mature to form the ovum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sex hormones do the ovaries also produce? |
|
Definition
| Estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two tissue layers that cover the ovaries? |
|
Definition
| Tunica albuginea and the germinal epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What is the tunica albuginea made of? |
|
Definition
| Fibrous connective tissue closest to the ovary |
|
|
Term
| What is the germinal epithelium made of? |
|
Definition
| Cuboidal cells that are continuous with the parietal peritoneum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tiny sac-like structures called ovarian follicles that each consist of immature egg cell called an oocyte. |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the uterine tubes? |
|
Definition
| Oviducts or fallopian tubes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the uterine tubules? |
|
Definition
| Transport the ova from the ovaries to the uterus. |
|
|
Term
| The ________ terminates in the funnel-shaped structure called the _______ which serves as the normal site of fertilization. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Finger-like projections which possess many cilia and are located at the ends of the uterine tubes and partially surround the ovary to receive the egg during ovulation. |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take the egg to travel the length of the fallopian tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the narrowed region that an egg must pass through called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the uterus and where is it? |
|
Definition
| Womb. Pear shaped muscular structure structure located superiorly to the bladder. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three functional regions of the uterus? |
|
Definition
1.)Fundus
2.)Body
3.)Cervix |
|
|
Term
| What is the fundus of the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the body of the uterus? |
|
Definition
| The major portion of the uterus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Narrow neck and mouth of the uterus. Possesses a cervical canal that is connected on both ends to the cervial OS. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall? |
|
Definition
1. Endometrium
2. Myometrium
3. Perimetrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thick innermost mucus lining where fertilized egg will penetrate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two chief strata of the endometrium? |
|
Definition
| The stratum functionalis and the stratum basal is |
|
|
Term
| What is the stratum functionalis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What delivers blood to the s. functionalis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the stratum basalis? |
|
Definition
| Forms a new functional layer each month. |
|
|
Term
| What supplies blood to the s. basalis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A thin-walled muscular tube extending from the cervix to the vestibule. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the vagina? |
|
Definition
| Receive the penis and semen during sexual intercourse. |
|
|
Term
| Does the vagina also function as the birth canal and passageway for menses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the vagina lined with and possess? |
|
Definition
| Stratified squamous epithelium. Rugae. |
|
|
Term
| The upper portion of the vagina surrounds the _____ creating what? |
|
Definition
| Cervix. Anterior and posterior fornix. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the hymen located? What happens to it? |
|
Definition
| The distal end of the vaginal orifice and is often ruptured during first coitus. |
|
|
Term
| What is the external genitalia called> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rounded ridge over the pubic bone where hair develops. |
|
|
Term
| What is the labia majora? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the labia minora? |
|
Definition
| Inner, somewhat smaller, hair-less skin folds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small, protruding structure that is homologous to the penis in males and possesses erectile tissues. |
|
|
Term
| What surrounds the clitoris? |
|
Definition
| A fold of skin called the prepuce. |
|
|
Term
| What are the vestibular glands? |
|
Definition
| Homologous to the bulbourethral glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soft tissue between the vaginal region and the anus that is often cut during childbirth in a procedure called an EPISIOTOMY. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified sweat glands present in both sexes but functional in only females in response to prolactin. |
|
|
Term
| The production of milk is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What secretes the milk/clusters together to form lobules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is each lobe drained by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the lactiferous duct dilate to form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the pectoral fat bad? |
|
Definition
| Lies deep to the skin of the chest and on each side of the mammary gland. |
|
|
Term
| What is the pigmented portion of the nipple? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Production of eggs which occurs BEFORE birth and is completed only if the egg becomes fertilized by sperm. |
|
|
Term
| When does MEIOSIS begin, accelerate and end? |
|
Definition
| Before birth, during puberty, menopause. |
|
|
Term
| When do oogonia complete their mitotic divisions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does MEIOSIS I occur? |
|
Definition
| Between the 3rd and 7th month of fetal development |
|
|
Term
| How far do primary oocytes go in the MEIOSIS I cycle? Why? |
|
Definition
| Prophase I. They are in a halted state until the person reaches puberty when rising levels of FSH trigger the start of the ovarian cycle. |
|
|
Term
| So once an individual reaches puberty, what happens? |
|
Definition
| Each month thereafter, some of the primary oocytes are stimulated to undergo further development. |
|
|
Term
| What is the outcome of MEIOSIS I? |
|
Definition
| A secondary oocyte and a polar body. |
|
|
Term
| Once a month, a _______ oocyte is ovulated into the fallopian tube. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 2ndary oocyte is suspended in MEIOSIS II until when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the polar bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Ovarian cycle divided into? |
|
Definition
| Two phases separated by ovulation. |
|
|
Term
| What days is the follicular phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the primordial follicles made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primordial follicles, which contain the primary oocytes, are activated which forms _______ ______ made up of ______ ______ ______ that are called ______ ______ which is surrounded by _______ _______. |
|
Definition
| primary follicles/simple cuboidal/granulosa cells/thecal cells |
|
|
Term
| What do the granulosa and thecal cells begin to secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the granulosa cells also secrete? |
|
Definition
| A glycoprotein that forms a transparent membrane around the oocyte called the zona pellucida |
|
|
Term
| What happens after the zona pellucida forms? |
|
Definition
| The follicle thickens forming a secondary oocyte and a fluid-filled cavity the antrum forms. |
|
|
Term
| What is the secondary oocyte composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the antrum continues to expand, the granulosa cells become isolated on a stalk forming the __________ _______ around the oocyte. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once the corona radiata is formed, what is the cell now called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What day does ovulation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does ovulation occur? |
|
Definition
| The antrum swells causing the ballooning ovary wall to rupture and expel the secondary oocyte and its corona radiata. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of all ovulations is more than one oocyte ovulated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does ovulation mark the end and beginning of? |
|
Definition
| End of follicular, beginning of luteal. |
|
|
Term
| What days are the luteal phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hapens during the luteal phase? |
|
Definition
| Formation of the corpus luteum from the granulosa and thecal cells. |
|
|
Term
| After ovulation, the ruptured follicle collapses and the antrum fills with clotted blood forming the ______ _____ which now begins to secrete what? |
|
Definition
| Corpus luteum. Progesterone and estrogen. |
|
|
Term
| What happens if fertilization does not occur? |
|
Definition
| The corpus lutem continues to degenerate to form the corpus albicans which is scar tissue. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 phases of the uterine cycle? |
|
Definition
1.)Menstrual
2.)Pre-Ovulatory Phase
3.)Post-Ovulatory Phase
4.)Menopause |
|
|
Term
| What are the days of the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The uterine cycle begins with the onset of ______, an interval marked by the degeneration of the functional zone of the endomentrium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the degeneration of the endometrium? |
|
Definition
| Constriction of the sprial arteries. |
|
|
Term
| What happens once blood flow is restricted to the endometrium? |
|
Definition
| The weakened arterial walls rupture and blood pours into the connective tissues of the functional zone of the endometrium. Blood cells and degeneration tissues enter the uterine cavity to be lost by passage through the external cervical os and into the vagina. |
|
|
Term
| What days does the pre-ovulatory phase occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The basilar zone and the deepest uterine glands survive menses. The epithelial cells of the uterine glands then do what? |
|
Definition
| multiply and spread across the endometrial surface. |
|
|
Term
| One cells spread and multiply, what happens next? |
|
Definition
| Sprial arteries begin to develop and penetrate through the new fxnal zone of the endometrium |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the the restoration of the functional zone of the endometrium? |
|
Definition
| Estrogens secreted by the ovarian follicles. |
|
|
Term
| Ovulation occurs on day ____ due to surges in ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What days does the post-ovulatory phase occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ ______ begin to secrete nutritious glycogen-rich mucus into the uterine cavity to sustain the blastocyst until implantation has occurred. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretion and preparatory changes in the endometrium occurs in response to rising ________ levels from the _______ ________ in expectation of a potential embryo. |
|
Definition
| progesterone/corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| What becomes the cervical plug? |
|
Definition
| Mucus secreted by the cervix |
|
|
Term
| When does the secretory/post-o begin and end? |
|
Definition
| Begins at ovulation and continues as long as the corpus luteum is intact. When the CL stops producing stimulatory hormones, the new uterine cycle begins with the next menses. |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for menopause? |
|
Definition
| Menarche. Cessation of menstruation. |
|
|
Term
| What age range does menopause occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does menopause occur? |
|
Definition
| Ovaries fail to respond to FSH and estrogen levels decline. Number of remaining follicles decrease. Regression of organs occurs. Hot flashes and mood swings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gonadotropin releasing hormone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Follicle stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age group is testicular cancer common in? What is the rate of the disease and the survival rate? |
|
Definition
| 15-35. 3 in 100,000 males per year. 95%. |
|
|
Term
| What is hypertrophy of the prostate gland? |
|
Definition
| Enlargement of the prostate gland which leads o anuria or impotence. Prostate cancer is malignancy of the prostate gland and is the 2nd most common cacner in men and is the most common cause of cancer death in males. |
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| Pelvic inflammatory disease. Bacterial infection causing inflammation. |
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| Inflamed lobules become walled off by scar tissue, cysts are created. Clusters of cysts are called fibrocystic disease. Breast cancer is a malignancy, metastisizing tumor or the mammary glands and is the leading cause of death in women 35-45 |
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| What is the rate of ovarian cancer cases? Death rate? |
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Definition
| 1 in 70 women. 14,600 deaths/year |
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| What is the most common reproductive cancer in women 15-34? 70% of cervical cancer cases are linked to ______/ |
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| What are sexually transmitted diseases? |
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Definition
| Gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, genital warts, genital herpes. |
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| Over production of endometrium. |
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| Failure of testes to descend into the scrotum. |
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