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Chapter 25
Test 5
209
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
04/28/2013

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Term
What is the function of the male reproductive system?
Definition
Manufacture gametes and to deliver them to the female reproductive tract.
Term
What is a gamete?
Definition
Sperm
Term
What organs/accessory organs make up the male reproductive system?
Definition
Gonads, accessory glands and organs, and perineal structures that form the external genetalia.
Term
What do gonads do?
Definition
Produce gametes and hormones
Term
What is the scrotum?
Definition
Pouch of skin contains the testis/gonad of the male.
Term
What is the scrotum divided into and by what?
Definition
Divided into two scrotal cavities by a scrotal septum
Term
What is the scrotal septum marked by?
Definition
A raised ridge called the raphe
Term
What is the scrotums function?
Definition
Allows testicles to descend outside of the body cavity where they can remain cooler and proper sperm production can occur.
Term
What temperature does sperm production occur optimally at?
Definition
3 degrees below normal body temperature
Term
What two muscles allow the scrotum to change size and shape during temperature changes?
Definition
The dartos and cremaster muscles
Term
What is the dartos muscle made out of and what is its function?
Definition
Made of smooth muscle and it wrinkles the scrotum to trap warm air
Term
What is the cremaster muscle made out of and what is its function?
Definition
Made of skeletal muscle that pulls the testicles close to the body which regulates body temperature
Term
What are the testes?
Definition
Paired oval-shaped gonads of the male located in the scrotum
Term
Testes descend through the _________ ________ during development.
Definition
inguinal canal
Term
Where is sperm produced within the testes?
Definition
Seminiferous tubules
Term
What do the interstitial cells do?
Definition
Produce androgens. Specifically testosterone.
Term
What divides the testes into 250-300 lobules? What is it described as?
Definition
Tunica albuginea. A tough, inner fibrous capsule that extends internally
Term
What does each of the 250-300 lobule contain?
Definition
One to four seminiferous tubules.
Term
How is sperm transported from the ST?
Definition
Via the tubulus rectis into the rete testes then out of the efferent ductules into the epididymis.
Term
What is the epididymis?
Definition
Coiled tube approx. twenty feet long consisting of a head, body, and tail.
Term
Where is the epididymis located?
Definition
Posterior, lateral side of the testicle.
Term
What does the epididymis store?
Definition
Non-motile sperm for twenty days as it matures to a swimming sperm
Term
What does the epididymis contain that absorbs excess fluid and provides nutrients to the sperm?
Definition
Sterociia. Non-motile microvilli.
Term
What is another name for the ductus deferens?
Definition
Vas Deferens
Term
What is the function of the vas deferens?
Definition
Transports the sperm out of the epididymis and twoards the urethra
Term
The vas deferens is a part of the ______ _____ along with blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and extends into the pelvic cavity then up and over and behind the bladder.
Definition
Spermatic cord
Term
Contraction of _______ _______ propels sperm from the epididymis through the vas deferens towards the urethra.
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
What is the ampulla?
Definition
The terminal end of the vas deferens that is somewhat enlarged.
Term
What forms the ejaculatory duct?
Definition
The vas deferens joins the duct from the seminal vesicle
Term
What does each ejaculatory duct penetrate and drain?
Definition
The prostate. Drains the sperm and other secretions from the seminal vesicle into the urethra
Term
What is a vasectomy?
Definition
Cuts, ties, cauterizes the vas deferens
Term
What are the accessory structures/glands of the male reproductive system?
Definition
Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland
Term
What does the seminal vesicle produce?
Definition
A viscous, alkaline secretion containing fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting factors.
Term
The secretions of the seminal vesicles account for ____% of the volume of semen.
Definition
60%
Term
When does the first step it capacitation occur?
Definition
When sperm mixes with the fluid of the seminal vesicles
Term
What is the first step of capacitation?
Definition
When the sperm begin beating their flagella/tails
Term
What is the prostate gland?
Definition
A small, single gland located at the base of the bladder
Term
What is the most important secretion of the prostate gland?
Definition
seminalplasmin which is an antibiotic protein that may help prevent urinary tract infections in males
Term
The secretions of the prostate account for ____% of the volume of semen.
Definition
20-30%
Term
What is the bulbourethral gland?
Definition
Paired glands at the bulb of the penis
Term
What is another name for the bulbourethral gland?
Definition
Cowper's Gland
Term
What does the bulbourethral gland produce?
Definition
thick, alkaline fluid that lubricates the tip of the penis and neutralizes the urinary acids.
Term
What is the urethra?
Definition
Part of the urinary and reproductive system
Term
What is the function of the urethra?
Definition
Transport urine and semen to the exterior AT DIFFERENT TIMES
Term
What are the 3 sections of the urethra?
Definition
1.)Prostatic Urethra
2.)Membraneous Urethra
3.)Penile Urethra
Term
Where is the prostatic urethra?
Definition
Portion surrounded by the prostate gland
Term
Where is the membraneous urethra?
Definition
The portion that passes through the urogenital diaphragm
Term
Where is the penile urethra?
Definition
Portion that runs through the penis and opens to the outside of the body through the external urethral orifice. Accounts for 75% of urethral length
Term
What is the penis?
Definition
Male copulatory organ and along with the scrotum creates the male external genitalia.
Term
What are the 4 parts of the penis?
Definition
1.)Root
2.)Body/Shaft
3.)Glans Penis
4.)Neck
Term
What is the root?
Definition
The bulb and crura of the penis
Term
What is the glans penis?
Definition
The head
Term
What connects the glans penis to the shaft?
Definition
The neck
Term
What covers the glans penis?
Definition
Prepuce/foreskin
Term
What are the 3 masses of erectile tissue that make up the penis?
Definition
1.)Corpus Spongiosum
2.)Corpus Cavernosa
Term
Where is the corpus spongiosum?
Definition
The mid-ventral erectile body that surrounds the urethra and forms the glans penis
Term
Where is the corpus cavernosa?
Definition
Paired masses of dorsal erectile tissue that makes up most of the penis and extend to the neck of the penis
Term
What happens during arousal?
Definition
Enlargement and stiffening of the penis from engorgement of the erectile bodies with blood
Term
What supplies blood to the penis? What happens when the are constricted?
Definition
Aterioles. Flacid penis.
Term
Which part of the nervous system controls arousal?
Definition
Parasympathetic nervous system
Term
What does the parasympathetic nervous system promote the release of?
Definition
Nitric oxide
Term
What is the fxn of the nitric oxide?
Definition
relaxation of the smooth muscles allowing the blood vessels of the penis to dilate.
Term
What does expansion of the corpus cavernosa prevent?
Definition
Blood from draining from the penis because it compresses the drainage veins.
Term
What does the parasympathetic impulse also cause?
Definition
bulbourethral gland to release their secretions before ejaculation occurs to lubricate the urethra and tip of the penis.
Term
What is impotence?
Definition
Inability of a male to maintain an erection
Term
What is emission?
Definition
Propulsion of semen from the male duct system as a result of a spinal reflex
Term
What part of the nervous system causes emission?
Definition
Sympathetic nervous system
Term
What propels the sperm towards the urethra within the prostate gland?
Definition
Peristaltic contractions of the vas deferens
Term
The ________ ______ and the ______ _____ begin contracting and their secretions mix with the sperm to form ______.
Definition
Seminal glands and the prostate glands. semen.
Term
What constricts/prevents the expulsion of urine?
Definition
Bladder sphincter muscle
Term
What is ejaculation?
Definition
Powerful series of rhythmic contraction that causes the semen to be ejected from the body.
Term
What is the rate of speed of ejaculation?
Definition
200 inches/second
Term
What is the entire ejaculatory event referred to as?
Definition
Climax/orgasm
Term
What is the pH range of semen?
Definition
7.2-7.6
Term
What is the normal amount of discharge?
Definition
2-5 mL/ejaculation
Term
What is the average sperm count per mL of ejaculate?
Definition
50-130 million/mL of ejaculate
Term
What is the rate of abnormal morphology of sperm?
Definition
<35%
Term
What percentage of sperm exhibit forward motility?
Definition
60%
Term
How long can sperm survive after ejaculation?
Definition
48 hrs
Term
What is the definition of sterility?
Definition
Someone who produces less than 20 million sperm/mL of ejaculate.
Term
What is spermatogenesis?
Definition
Sperm formation
Term
When does spermatogenesis begin?
Definition
During puberty and continues throughout life.
Term
How long does spermatogenesis take?
Definition
~9 weeks
Term
What are the 3 steps of spermatogenesis?
Definition
1.)MITOSIS of spermatogonia
2.)One of the daughter cells undergoes MEIOSIS to form gametes
3.)Differentiation of immature gametes into mature sperm. Process known as spermiogenesis.
Term
What happens during MITOSIS of spermatogonia?
Definition
Each division of a diploid spermatogonium produces two daughter cells. One remains in contact with the basal lamina of the tubule and the other is a PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE that is pushed towards the lumen of the tubule.
Term
During MEOSIS I, each primary spermatocyte contains __ individual chromosomes.
Definition
46
Term
At the end of MEOSIS I, the daughter cells are called secondary spermatocytes. Each secondary spermatocyte contains ____ chromosomes, each of which consists of a pair of ______ _______.
Definition
23. Duplicate chromatids.
Term
When the secondary spermatocytes enter MEOSIS II, what is produced?
Definition
4 haploid spermatids.
Term
What do each of the 4 haploid spermatids contain that were created during MEOSIS II?
Definition
23 chromosomes.
Term
For each primary spermatocyte that enters MEOSIS II, ______ spermatids are produced.
Definition
4
Term
What is spermiogenesis?
Definition
The spermatids undergo physical changes to form the spermatozoa or sperm.
Term
What does the head the sperm contain?
Definition
All 23 chromosomes.
Term
What does the acrosome contain?
Definition
Enzyme essential to fertilization of the egg that eats away at the outside of the egg to gain entry.
Term
What does the neck of the sperm contain?
Definition
Both centrioles of the original spermatid
Term
The microtubules of the distal centriole are continuous with those of the _____-_____ and ______.
Definition
mid-piece and tail.
Term
What does the mid-piece of the sperm contain?
Definition
The mitochondria arranged in a spiral around the microtubules.
Term
What moves the tail?
Definition
Mitochondrial activity
Term
What is the tail?
Definition
A flagellum or whip-like organelle used to move the sperm.
Term
What is the function of the female reproductive system?
Definition
Produce gametes/egg/ova as well as nurture and protect the developing embryo.
Term
What are the ovaries?
Definition
Paired, almond shaped gonads of the female located on each side of the uterus.
Term
What two ligaments hold the ovaries in place?
Definition
Suspensory and broad
Term
What are female gametes called?
Definition
Ooctyes
Term
_____ mature to form the ovum.
Definition
Oocytes
Term
What sex hormones do the ovaries also produce?
Definition
Estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin.
Term
What are the two tissue layers that cover the ovaries?
Definition
Tunica albuginea and the germinal epithelium
Term
What is the tunica albuginea made of?
Definition
Fibrous connective tissue closest to the ovary
Term
What is the germinal epithelium made of?
Definition
Cuboidal cells that are continuous with the parietal peritoneum.
Term
What makes up the ovary?
Definition
Tiny sac-like structures called ovarian follicles that each consist of immature egg cell called an oocyte.
Term
What is another name for the uterine tubes?
Definition
Oviducts or fallopian tubes.
Term
What is the function of the uterine tubules?
Definition
Transport the ova from the ovaries to the uterus.
Term
The ________ terminates in the funnel-shaped structure called the _______ which serves as the normal site of fertilization.
Definition
ampulla/infundibulum.
Term
What are the fimbriae?
Definition
Finger-like projections which possess many cilia and are located at the ends of the uterine tubes and partially surround the ovary to receive the egg during ovulation.
Term
How long does it take the egg to travel the length of the fallopian tube?
Definition
3 days
Term
What is the narrowed region that an egg must pass through called?
Definition
Isthmus.
Term
What is another name for the uterus and where is it?
Definition
Womb. Pear shaped muscular structure structure located superiorly to the bladder.
Term
What are the three functional regions of the uterus?
Definition
1.)Fundus
2.)Body
3.)Cervix
Term
What is the fundus of the uterus?
Definition
Rounded upper region
Term
What is the body of the uterus?
Definition
The major portion of the uterus.
Term
What is the cervix?
Definition
Narrow neck and mouth of the uterus. Possesses a cervical canal that is connected on both ends to the cervial OS.
Term
What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall?
Definition
1. Endometrium
2. Myometrium
3. Perimetrium
Term
What is the endometrium?
Definition
Thick innermost mucus lining where fertilized egg will penetrate.
Term
What is the myometrium?
Definition
Muscular middle layer.
Term
What is the perimetrium?
Definition
Outermost serous layer.
Term
What are the two chief strata of the endometrium?
Definition
The stratum functionalis and the stratum basal is
Term
What is the stratum functionalis?
Definition
The functional zone.
Term
What delivers blood to the s. functionalis?
Definition
Straight arteries.
Term
What is the stratum basalis?
Definition
Forms a new functional layer each month.
Term
What supplies blood to the s. basalis?
Definition
spiral arteries.
Term
What is the vagina?
Definition
A thin-walled muscular tube extending from the cervix to the vestibule.
Term
What is the function of the vagina?
Definition
Receive the penis and semen during sexual intercourse.
Term
Does the vagina also function as the birth canal and passageway for menses?
Definition
Yes.
Term
What is the vagina lined with and possess?
Definition
Stratified squamous epithelium. Rugae.
Term
The upper portion of the vagina surrounds the _____ creating what?
Definition
Cervix. Anterior and posterior fornix.
Term
Where is the hymen located? What happens to it?
Definition
The distal end of the vaginal orifice and is often ruptured during first coitus.
Term
What is the external genitalia called>
Definition
The vulva or pudendum.
Term
What is the mons pubis?
Definition
Rounded ridge over the pubic bone where hair develops.
Term
What is the labia majora?
Definition
Hair covered skin folds
Term
What is the labia minora?
Definition
Inner, somewhat smaller, hair-less skin folds.
Term
What is the clitoris?
Definition
A small, protruding structure that is homologous to the penis in males and possesses erectile tissues.
Term
What surrounds the clitoris?
Definition
A fold of skin called the prepuce.
Term
What are the vestibular glands?
Definition
Homologous to the bulbourethral glands.
Term
What is the perineum?
Definition
Soft tissue between the vaginal region and the anus that is often cut during childbirth in a procedure called an EPISIOTOMY.
Term
What are mammary glands?
Definition
Modified sweat glands present in both sexes but functional in only females in response to prolactin.
Term
The production of milk is called?
Definition
Lactation.
Term
What secretes the milk/clusters together to form lobules?
Definition
Secretory alveoli.
Term
What is each lobe drained by?
Definition
Lactiferous duct.
Term
What does the lactiferous duct dilate to form?
Definition
Lactiferous sinus.
Term
Where is the pectoral fat bad?
Definition
Lies deep to the skin of the chest and on each side of the mammary gland.
Term
What is the pigmented portion of the nipple?
Definition
Areola.
Term
What is oogenesis?
Definition
Production of eggs which occurs BEFORE birth and is completed only if the egg becomes fertilized by sperm.
Term
When does MEIOSIS begin, accelerate and end?
Definition
Before birth, during puberty, menopause.
Term
When do oogonia complete their mitotic divisions?
Definition
before birth
Term
When does MEIOSIS I occur?
Definition
Between the 3rd and 7th month of fetal development
Term
How far do primary oocytes go in the MEIOSIS I cycle? Why?
Definition
Prophase I. They are in a halted state until the person reaches puberty when rising levels of FSH trigger the start of the ovarian cycle.
Term
So once an individual reaches puberty, what happens?
Definition
Each month thereafter, some of the primary oocytes are stimulated to undergo further development.
Term
What is the outcome of MEIOSIS I?
Definition
A secondary oocyte and a polar body.
Term
Once a month, a _______ oocyte is ovulated into the fallopian tube.
Definition
Secondary oocyte.
Term
The 2ndary oocyte is suspended in MEIOSIS II until when?
Definition
Fertilization occurs.
Term
What happens to the polar bodies?
Definition
They degenerate and die.
Term
What is the Ovarian cycle divided into?
Definition
Two phases separated by ovulation.
Term
What days is the follicular phase?
Definition
1-13. Follicle growth
Term
What are the primordial follicles made of?
Definition
Simple squamous cells.
Term
The primordial follicles, which contain the primary oocytes, are activated which forms _______ ______ made up of ______ ______ ______ that are called ______ ______ which is surrounded by _______ _______.
Definition
primary follicles/simple cuboidal/granulosa cells/thecal cells
Term
What do the granulosa and thecal cells begin to secrete?
Definition
Estrogen
Term
What do the granulosa cells also secrete?
Definition
A glycoprotein that forms a transparent membrane around the oocyte called the zona pellucida
Term
What happens after the zona pellucida forms?
Definition
The follicle thickens forming a secondary oocyte and a fluid-filled cavity the antrum forms.
Term
What is the secondary oocyte composed of?
Definition
Stratified cuboidal
Term
As the antrum continues to expand, the granulosa cells become isolated on a stalk forming the __________ _______ around the oocyte.
Definition
corona radiata.
Term
Once the corona radiata is formed, what is the cell now called?
Definition
A Graafian follicle.
Term
What day does ovulation occur?
Definition
14.
Term
How does ovulation occur?
Definition
The antrum swells causing the ballooning ovary wall to rupture and expel the secondary oocyte and its corona radiata.
Term
What percentage of all ovulations is more than one oocyte ovulated?
Definition
1-2
Term
What does ovulation mark the end and beginning of?
Definition
End of follicular, beginning of luteal.
Term
What days are the luteal phase?
Definition
15-28
Term
What hapens during the luteal phase?
Definition
Formation of the corpus luteum from the granulosa and thecal cells.
Term
After ovulation, the ruptured follicle collapses and the antrum fills with clotted blood forming the ______ _____ which now begins to secrete what?
Definition
Corpus luteum. Progesterone and estrogen.
Term
What happens if fertilization does not occur?
Definition
The corpus lutem continues to degenerate to form the corpus albicans which is scar tissue.
Term
What are the 4 phases of the uterine cycle?
Definition
1.)Menstrual
2.)Pre-Ovulatory Phase
3.)Post-Ovulatory Phase
4.)Menopause
Term
What are the days of the menstrual cycle?
Definition
Days 1-5
Term
The uterine cycle begins with the onset of ______, an interval marked by the degeneration of the functional zone of the endomentrium.
Definition
menses.
Term
What causes the degeneration of the endometrium?
Definition
Constriction of the sprial arteries.
Term
What happens once blood flow is restricted to the endometrium?
Definition
The weakened arterial walls rupture and blood pours into the connective tissues of the functional zone of the endometrium. Blood cells and degeneration tissues enter the uterine cavity to be lost by passage through the external cervical os and into the vagina.
Term
What days does the pre-ovulatory phase occur?
Definition
6-14
Term
The basilar zone and the deepest uterine glands survive menses. The epithelial cells of the uterine glands then do what?
Definition
multiply and spread across the endometrial surface.
Term
One cells spread and multiply, what happens next?
Definition
Sprial arteries begin to develop and penetrate through the new fxnal zone of the endometrium
Term
What stimulates the the restoration of the functional zone of the endometrium?
Definition
Estrogens secreted by the ovarian follicles.
Term
Ovulation occurs on day ____ due to surges in ____.
Definition
14. LH
Term
What days does the post-ovulatory phase occur?
Definition
15-28
Term
The _____ ______ begin to secrete nutritious glycogen-rich mucus into the uterine cavity to sustain the blastocyst until implantation has occurred.
Definition
uterine glands
Term
Secretion and preparatory changes in the endometrium occurs in response to rising ________ levels from the _______ ________ in expectation of a potential embryo.
Definition
progesterone/corpus luteum
Term
What becomes the cervical plug?
Definition
Mucus secreted by the cervix
Term
When does the secretory/post-o begin and end?
Definition
Begins at ovulation and continues as long as the corpus luteum is intact. When the CL stops producing stimulatory hormones, the new uterine cycle begins with the next menses.
Term
What is another name for menopause?
Definition
Menarche. Cessation of menstruation.
Term
What age range does menopause occur?
Definition
45-55
Term
Why does menopause occur?
Definition
Ovaries fail to respond to FSH and estrogen levels decline. Number of remaining follicles decrease. Regression of organs occurs. Hot flashes and mood swings.
Term
What is GnRH?
Definition
Gonadotropin releasing hormone.
Term
What is FSH?
Definition
Follicle stimulating hormone
Term
What is LH
Definition
Lutenizing hormone
Term
What age group is testicular cancer common in? What is the rate of the disease and the survival rate?
Definition
15-35. 3 in 100,000 males per year. 95%.
Term
What is hypertrophy of the prostate gland?
Definition
Enlargement of the prostate gland which leads o anuria or impotence. Prostate cancer is malignancy of the prostate gland and is the 2nd most common cacner in men and is the most common cause of cancer death in males.
Term
What is PID?
Definition
Pelvic inflammatory disease. Bacterial infection causing inflammation.
Term
What is breast cancer?
Definition
Inflamed lobules become walled off by scar tissue, cysts are created. Clusters of cysts are called fibrocystic disease. Breast cancer is a malignancy, metastisizing tumor or the mammary glands and is the leading cause of death in women 35-45
Term
What is the rate of ovarian cancer cases? Death rate?
Definition
1 in 70 women. 14,600 deaths/year
Term
What is the most common reproductive cancer in women 15-34? 70% of cervical cancer cases are linked to ______/
Definition
Cervical cancer. HPV.
Term
What are sexually transmitted diseases?
Definition
Gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, genital warts, genital herpes.
Term
What is amenorrhea?
Definition
Cessation of menses.
Term
What is dysmenorrhea?
Definition
Painful menstruation.
Term
What is endometriosis?
Definition
Over production of endometrium.
Term
What is cryptochidism?
Definition
Failure of testes to descend into the scrotum.
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