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Chapter 25-26 Test
Urinary System
52
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
04/18/2012

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Term
Kidney Anatomy
Definition
-bean shaped
-three layers supportive tissue
1)renal fascia-outer layer
2)perirenal fat capsule - surrounds kidney against blows
3)fibrous capsule - transparent capsule that prevents infections
Term
Nephrons
Definition
-structural and functional units of the kidneys
-carry out processes that form urine
Term
Renal tubule (3 parts)
Definition
1)proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) - 2) Loop of Henle (Nephron loop)
3)Distal Convoluted Tubule to collecting duct
Term
Peritubular Capillaries vs Juxtamedullary Nephrons
Definition
PC's
low pressure, porous capillaries that readily absorb solutes and water from the tubule cells as these substances are reclaimed from the filtrate

JN's
-play an important role in kidneys' ability to produce concentrated urine
-high blood pressure
-high resistance vessels
-larger diameter
Term
Anuria
Definition
-abnormally low urinary output (less than 50 ml/day)
Term
Substances reabsorbed by Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule, Collecting Duct
Definition
PCT
-sodium ions, glucose, K, water, urea

Loop of Henle
-water, Na, Cl, K

DCT
-Na, Cl

CD
-Na, K, Cl, Water, Urea
Term
Pyuria
Definition
-name of leukocytes that can cause urinary tract infections
Term
Renal Calculi or Kidney Stones
Definition
-Calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts in urine that may crystallize and precipitate in the renal pelvis
Term
Trigone Region
Definition
-the openings in the inferior of the bladder are for the ureters and urethra the region outlined by these openings is called the Trigone Region
Term
Micturition
Definition
-also called urination, or voiding
-the act of emptying the urinary bladder
Term
Osmolality
Definition
-the number of solute particles dissolved in 1 kg of water and reflects the solution's ability to cause osmosis
Term
Glomerular Filtration
Definition
a passive process in which hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through a membrane
Term
Net Filtration Pressure
Definition
responsible for filtrate formation and involves forces acting at the glomerular bed
Term
Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure
Definition
glomerular blood pressure
-chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane
Term
What inhibits sodium reabsorption?
Definition
-Atrial natruatic peptide
Term
The single most abundant cation in the filtrate is?
Definition
-Sodium ions
-about 80% of the energy used for active transport is devoted to their reabsorption
Term
The single most abundant cation in the filtrate is?
Definition
-Sodium ions
-about 80% of the energy used for active transport is devoted to their reabsorption
Term
Role of Aldosterone
Definition
-to increase blood volume, and therefore blood pressure, by enhancing Na reabsorption
Term
Facultative Water Reabsorption
Definition
-water reabsorption that depends on the presence of ADH
Term
Alcohol on ADH
Definition
-Alcohol, essentially a sedative, encourages diuresis by inhibiting release of ADH
Term
Three Layers of Ureter Wall
Definition
1)Transitional epithelium of Mucosa
2)Middle Muscularis
3)Adventitia covers external surface
Term
Intracellular Fluid Compartment (ICF)
Definition
-little less 2/3 by volume
Term
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Definition
-remaining 1/3
-water outside of the cells
Term
Other examples of ECF
Definition
-lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, humors of the eye, synovial fluid
Term
Chief cation and anion of ECF
Definition
Cation - Sodium
Anion - Chloride
Term
Chief Cation and Anion of ICF
Definition
Cation - Potassium
Anion - HPO
Term
The continuous exchange and mixing of body fluids are regulated by what?
Definition
-osmotic and hydrostatic pressures
Term
Thirst Mechanism
Definition
-the driving force for water intake
-an increase in plasma osmolality of only 2-3% excites the hypothalamic thirst center
Term
Dehydration
Definition
-when water output exceeds intake over a period of time and the body is in negative fluid balance
Term
Sodium in Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Definition
-Sodium holds a central position in fluid and electrolyte balance and overall body homeostasis
Term
Regulation of Sodium Balance
Definition
-regulation of the Na and H20 balance is inseparably linked to blood pressure and volume
Term
Aldosterone in Renal Regulation (effect)
Definition
-the principal effects of aldosterone are to diminish urinary output and increase blood volume
Term
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Definition
-Reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium and water retention
Term
Estrogens
Definition
-enhance NaCl reabsorption by the renal tubules
Term
Progesterone
Definition
-appears to decrease Na reabsorption by blocking the effect aldosterone has on the renal tubules
Term
Single Most Important Factor Influencing K Secretion?
Definition
-the K concentration in blood plasma
Term
2nd factor of K secretion?
Definition
-aldosterone
Term
Regulation of H Concentration in Blood
Definition
1)chemical buffers
2)the brain stem respiratory centers
3)renal mechanisms
Term
Chemical Buffer
Definition
-a system of one or more compounds that acts to resist changes in pH when a strong acid or base is added
Term
3 Major Chemical Buffer Systems
Definition
-bicarbonate
-phosphate
-protein
Term
Bicarbonate Buffer System
Definition
-most important buffer system in the body
-buffers ICF, and is the ONLY important ECF buffer
-mixture of carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate in the same solution
Term
Alkaline Reserve
Definition
-describes bicarbonate buffer system
Term
Phosphate Buffer System
Definition
-Very effective buffer in urine and in ICF, where phosphate concentrations are usually high
-identical to bicarbonate bs
-relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma
Term
Protein Buffer System
Definition
-proteins in plasma and in cells are the body's most plentiful and powerful source of buffers
Term
Physiological Buffering Systems
Definition
-a combination of the respiratory and renal systems together that control pH by controlling the amount of acid or base in the body
Term
Ultimate Acid-Base Regulatory Organs Are?
Definition
-the kidneys-they act slowly but surely to compensate for acid-base imbalances resulting from variations in diet or metabolism, or from disease
Term
Maintenance of pH by body fluids...
Definition
-may be a result of control of respiratory ventilation
Term
Classification of acidosis and alkalosis
Definition
-classfied according to respiratory or metabolic
Term
Respiratory Acidosis
Definition
-most common cause of acid-base imbalance
-insufficient gas exchange in the lungs
-most often occurs when a person breathes shallowly or when gas exchange is hampered by diseases such as pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, or emphysema
-CO2 accumulates in the blood
Term
Respiratory Alkalosis
Definition
-prolonged hyperventilation
-results when carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body faster than it is produced
-blood becomes more alkaline
Term
Metabolic Acidosis
Definition
-fast breathing, pH low
-second most common cause of acid-base imbalance
-causes are ingestion of too much alcohol, and excessive loss of HCO3, accumulation of lactic acid during exercise or shock, ketosis
Term
Metabolic Alkalosis
Definition
-slow breathing pH high
-indicated by rising blood pH and is much less common that metabolic acidosis
-typical causes are vomiting of the acidic contents of the stomach and intake of excess base
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