Term
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Definition
-bean shaped
-three layers supportive tissue
1)renal fascia-outer layer
2)perirenal fat capsule - surrounds kidney against blows
3)fibrous capsule - transparent capsule that prevents infections |
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Term
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Definition
-structural and functional units of the kidneys
-carry out processes that form urine |
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Term
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Definition
1)proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) - 2) Loop of Henle (Nephron loop)
3)Distal Convoluted Tubule to collecting duct |
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Term
| Peritubular Capillaries vs Juxtamedullary Nephrons |
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Definition
PC's
low pressure, porous capillaries that readily absorb solutes and water from the tubule cells as these substances are reclaimed from the filtrate
JN's
-play an important role in kidneys' ability to produce concentrated urine
-high blood pressure
-high resistance vessels
-larger diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| -abnormally low urinary output (less than 50 ml/day) |
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Term
| Substances reabsorbed by Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule, Collecting Duct |
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Definition
PCT
-sodium ions, glucose, K, water, urea
Loop of Henle
-water, Na, Cl, K
DCT
-Na, Cl
CD
-Na, K, Cl, Water, Urea |
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Term
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Definition
| -name of leukocytes that can cause urinary tract infections |
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Term
| Renal Calculi or Kidney Stones |
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Definition
| -Calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts in urine that may crystallize and precipitate in the renal pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| -the openings in the inferior of the bladder are for the ureters and urethra the region outlined by these openings is called the Trigone Region |
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Term
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Definition
-also called urination, or voiding
-the act of emptying the urinary bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| -the number of solute particles dissolved in 1 kg of water and reflects the solution's ability to cause osmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a passive process in which hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through a membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for filtrate formation and involves forces acting at the glomerular bed |
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Term
| Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure |
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Definition
glomerular blood pressure
-chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane |
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Term
| What inhibits sodium reabsorption? |
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Definition
| -Atrial natruatic peptide |
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Term
| The single most abundant cation in the filtrate is? |
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Definition
-Sodium ions
-about 80% of the energy used for active transport is devoted to their reabsorption |
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Term
| The single most abundant cation in the filtrate is? |
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Definition
-Sodium ions
-about 80% of the energy used for active transport is devoted to their reabsorption |
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Term
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Definition
| -to increase blood volume, and therefore blood pressure, by enhancing Na reabsorption |
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Term
| Facultative Water Reabsorption |
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Definition
| -water reabsorption that depends on the presence of ADH |
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Term
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Definition
| -Alcohol, essentially a sedative, encourages diuresis by inhibiting release of ADH |
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Term
| Three Layers of Ureter Wall |
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Definition
1)Transitional epithelium of Mucosa
2)Middle Muscularis
3)Adventitia covers external surface |
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Term
| Intracellular Fluid Compartment (ICF) |
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Definition
| -little less 2/3 by volume |
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Term
| Extracellular Fluid (ECF) |
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Definition
-remaining 1/3
-water outside of the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| -lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, humors of the eye, synovial fluid |
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Term
| Chief cation and anion of ECF |
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Definition
Cation - Sodium
Anion - Chloride |
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Term
| Chief Cation and Anion of ICF |
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Definition
Cation - Potassium
Anion - HPO |
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Term
| The continuous exchange and mixing of body fluids are regulated by what? |
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Definition
| -osmotic and hydrostatic pressures |
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Term
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Definition
-the driving force for water intake
-an increase in plasma osmolality of only 2-3% excites the hypothalamic thirst center |
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Term
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Definition
| -when water output exceeds intake over a period of time and the body is in negative fluid balance |
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Term
| Sodium in Fluid and Electrolyte Balance |
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Definition
| -Sodium holds a central position in fluid and electrolyte balance and overall body homeostasis |
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Term
| Regulation of Sodium Balance |
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Definition
| -regulation of the Na and H20 balance is inseparably linked to blood pressure and volume |
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Term
| Aldosterone in Renal Regulation (effect) |
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Definition
| -the principal effects of aldosterone are to diminish urinary output and increase blood volume |
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Term
| Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) |
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Definition
| -Reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium and water retention |
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Term
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Definition
| -enhance NaCl reabsorption by the renal tubules |
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Term
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Definition
| -appears to decrease Na reabsorption by blocking the effect aldosterone has on the renal tubules |
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Term
| Single Most Important Factor Influencing K Secretion? |
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Definition
| -the K concentration in blood plasma |
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Term
| 2nd factor of K secretion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Regulation of H Concentration in Blood |
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Definition
1)chemical buffers
2)the brain stem respiratory centers
3)renal mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
| -a system of one or more compounds that acts to resist changes in pH when a strong acid or base is added |
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Term
| 3 Major Chemical Buffer Systems |
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Definition
-bicarbonate
-phosphate
-protein |
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Term
| Bicarbonate Buffer System |
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Definition
-most important buffer system in the body
-buffers ICF, and is the ONLY important ECF buffer
-mixture of carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate in the same solution |
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Term
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Definition
| -describes bicarbonate buffer system |
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Term
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Definition
-Very effective buffer in urine and in ICF, where phosphate concentrations are usually high
-identical to bicarbonate bs
-relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| -proteins in plasma and in cells are the body's most plentiful and powerful source of buffers |
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Term
| Physiological Buffering Systems |
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Definition
| -a combination of the respiratory and renal systems together that control pH by controlling the amount of acid or base in the body |
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Term
| Ultimate Acid-Base Regulatory Organs Are? |
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Definition
| -the kidneys-they act slowly but surely to compensate for acid-base imbalances resulting from variations in diet or metabolism, or from disease |
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Term
| Maintenance of pH by body fluids... |
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Definition
| -may be a result of control of respiratory ventilation |
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Term
| Classification of acidosis and alkalosis |
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Definition
| -classfied according to respiratory or metabolic |
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Term
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Definition
-most common cause of acid-base imbalance
-insufficient gas exchange in the lungs
-most often occurs when a person breathes shallowly or when gas exchange is hampered by diseases such as pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, or emphysema
-CO2 accumulates in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
-prolonged hyperventilation
-results when carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body faster than it is produced
-blood becomes more alkaline |
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Term
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Definition
-fast breathing, pH low
-second most common cause of acid-base imbalance
-causes are ingestion of too much alcohol, and excessive loss of HCO3, accumulation of lactic acid during exercise or shock, ketosis |
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Term
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Definition
-slow breathing pH high
-indicated by rising blood pH and is much less common that metabolic acidosis
-typical causes are vomiting of the acidic contents of the stomach and intake of excess base |
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