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Chapter 24: The Respiratory System
The Respiratory System
42
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/11/2011

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Term
respiratory system
Definition
includes the nose, the nasal cavity and sinuses, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, and smaller conducting passageways leading to the gas-exchange surfaces of the lungs
Term
respiratory tract
Definition
consists of the airways that carry air to and from these surfaces; includes the delicate respiratory and the delicate air sacs, or alveoli, where gas exchange occurs
Term
upper respiratory system
Definition

consists of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

 

Term
What is the function of the upper respiratory system?
Definition

these passageways:

  • filter, warm, and humidify the air
  • protects the more delicate conduction and exchange surfaces of the lower respiratory system
    • larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Term
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Definition
  • providing an extensive area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood
  • moving air to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs
  • protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes, and other environmental variations
  • defending the respiratory system and other tissues from invasion by pathogenic microorganisms
  • producing sounds involved in speaking, singing, or nonverbal communication
  • assisting in the regulation of blood volume, blood pressure, and the control of body fluid pH
Term
nose
Definition
primary passageway for air entering the respiratory system (through external nares/nostrils)
Term
nasal cavity
Definition
  • the nasal septum separates the right and left portions of the nasal cavity
  • the maxillae, nasal and frontal bones, ethmoid, and sphenoid form the lateral and superior walls of the nasal cavity

[image]

 

Term
pharynx
Definition
  • passageway or chamber that connects the nose, mouth, and throat
  • divided into 3 regions
    • nasopharynx
    • oropharynx
    • laryngopharynx

[image]

 

Term
nasopharynx
Definition
  • the superior portion of the pharynx
  • lined by typical respiratory epithelium

[image]

 

Term
Eustachian tubes
Definition

(auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube)

tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear

 

Term
Otitis Media
Definition
middle ear infection
Term
otitis externa
Definition

aka: swimmers ear

inflammation of outer ear and ear canal

Term
myringotomy
Definition

small tube/hole in ear drum to:

  • allow oxygen to kill bacteria
  • drain pus
  • release pressure
Term
oropharynx
Definition

extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone

[image][image]

Term
laryngopharynx
Definition

narrow, includes the region of the pharynx lying between the hyoid bone and the entrance to the esophagus

[image]

Term
larynx
Definition
  • surrounds and protects the glottis and vocal cords
  • pitch and sound produced depends on size and length of larynx
  • in puberty male larynx enlarges considerably
  • walls vibrate creating a composite sound
Term
glottis
Definition
  • narrow opening between pharynx and larynx
  • air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces sound waves
Term
Sound production
Definition
  • air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds producing sound waves
  • the pitch of the sound produced depends on diameter, length, and tension in the vocal folds
  • diameter and length direct relation to larynx size
  • tension controlled by the contraction of voluntary muscles that change the relative positions of the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
    • when the distance increases, the vocal cords tense and the pitch rises; when the distance decreases, the vocal folds relax and the pitch falls
  • children have slender short vocal folds, and their voices tend to be high pitched
  • at puberty the larynx of males considerably enlarges producing lower tones than a female
  • the entire larynx is involved in sound production, because its walls vibrate, creating composite sound
  • amplification and echoing of the sound occur within the pharynx, the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, and the paranasal sinuses
  • the final production of distinct sounds depends on voluntary movements of the tongue, lips, and cheeks
Term
trachea
Definition
tough flexible tube, ligamentous attachment to the cricoid cartilage at base of larynx, ends in the mediastinum where it branches to form the right and left primary bronchi
Term
primary bronchi
Definition
right and left outside the lungs and are called extrapulmonary bronchi
Term
lungs
Definition
  • situated in the right and left pleural cavities
  • each lung is a blunt cone with the apex pointing superiorly
  • broad inferior portion is the base that rests on the superior surface of the diaphragm
Term
apex of lung
Definition
the apex on each side extends onto the base of the neck above the first rib
Term
deep fissures
Definition
separate the lobes of the lungs
Term
How many lobes does the right lung have?
Definition

3 lobes: superior, middle, and inferior

[image]

Term
horizontal fissure
Definition

separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung

[image]

Term
oblique fissure
Definition

separates the superior and inferior lobes

[image]

Term
Why is the right lung broader than the left?
Definition
because most of the heart and great vessels project into the left pleural cavity
Term
How many lobes does the left lung have?
Definition

2 days: superior and inferior

[image]

Term
Hilum
Definition
bottom of trachea
Term
tertiary bronchi
Definition
between primary bronchi and terminal bronchioles
Term
terminal bronchioles
Definition
  • 6500 smaller bronchioles that branch from the tertiary bronchus
  • autonomic nervous system regulates smooth muscle layer of terminal bronchioles

Term
bronchodilation
Definition
sympathetic activation and the release of epinepherine by the adrenal medullae leads to enlargement of the airways
Term
bronchoconstriction
Definition
parasympathetic stimulation leads to bronchoconstriction
Term
respiratory bronchioles
Definition
  • the terminal bronchiole branches to form these
  • the thinnest and most delicate branches of the bronchial tree and they deliver air to the alveoli
Term
describe the path of air from the environment to the alveoli
Definition
(air outside)--->through external nares--->into nasal cavity--->nasopharynx--->oropharynx--->laryngopharynx--->passes through glottis to larynx--->trachea--->branches into primary bronchi--->branches into tertiary bronchi--->branches into terminal bronchi---->branches into respiratory bronchi--->(alveoli)
Term
alveolar ducts
Definition
regions where respiratory bronchioles and their alveoli are connected to multiple alveoli
Term
pleura
Definition
serous membrane that lines the lungs
Term
parietal pleura
Definition
cover the inner surface of the thoracic wall and extend over the diaphragm and mediastinum
Term
visceral pleura
Definition
cover the outer surfaces of the lungs, extending into the fissures between the lobes
Term
pleural cavity
Definition
the space between the parietal and visceral pleura
Term
pulmonary ventilation
Definition
breathing; physical movement of air into and out of the bronchial tree
Term
diaphragm
Definition
contraction increases the volume of the thoracic cavity by tensing and flattening its floor, and this increase draws air into the lungs
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