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Chapter 24
Test 4
118
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
04/16/2013

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Term
What is the largest component of the body?
Definition
Water.
Term
Males are ___% water and 40% solid materials and women are _____% water and 50% solid materials.
Definition
60/50
Term
Since fat is hyrdophobic, the less fat present corresponds to greater percentage of body weight due to _______.
Definition
Water
Term
Adipose tissue is ____% hydrated while skeletal muscle is ____%.
Definition
20%/65%
Term
The early embryo is what percent water?
Definition
97%
Term
The newborn infant is what percent water?
Definition
77%
Term
The adult male is what percent water?
Definition
60%
Term
The adult female is what percent water?
Definition
50%
Term
An elderly adult is what percent water?
Definition
45%
Term
What is the IFC?
Definition
Intracellular fluids. FLuids within the body cells such as cytosol, nucleoplasm, matrix of mitochondria etc.
Term
The IFC makes up _____% of total body water in men and _____% of total body water in women/
Definition
33%/27%
Term
What is the EFC?
Definition
Extracellular fluid compartment. Fluid found outside the cells.
Term
What are the 3 different liquids that make up the EFC?
Definition
1.)Interstitial Fluid
2.)Intravascular
3.)Other
Term
What makes up interstitial fluid?
Definition
The fluid in the microscopic spaces between cells.
Term
What percentage in males is interstitial fluid? IN women?
Definition
21.5%/18%
Term
What is intravascular fluid?
Definition
Fluid portion of blood (plasma) located within the blood vessels
Term
What percentage in males is intravascular fluid? In women?
Definition
4.5% in both
Term
What is "other" fluid?
Definition
Lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, humors of the eye, synovial fluid, serous fluids, and secretions of the GI tracts.
Term
What percentage of other fluids makes up ECF?
Definition
less than 1%
Term
What constitute an electrolyte?
Definition
Molecules that disassociate in solution to form charged particles called IONS rendering the solution capable of conducting an electrical current.
Term
What is a cation?
Definition
An ion carrying a positive charge
Term
What is an anion?
Definition
An ion carrying a negative charge
Term
What are non-electrolytes?
Definition
Molecules that have covalent bonds that prevent them from dissociating in solution. Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, creatinine, and urea. Far more abundant than elecrtolytes.
Term
How are electrolytes expressed?
Definition
Milliequivalents per liter
Term
Blood plasma and interstitial fluids (Both components of ECF) are very _______ except that protein levels are higher in ______ because they are too large to diffuse in and out of capillary vessels.
Definition
similar/blood
Term
Blood plasma and interstitial fluids have _______ Na+ cations and _______ Cl- anions.
Definition
increased/increased
Term
Intracellular fluids have _____ K+ cations and ____ HPO42- anions.
Definition
Increased/Increased
Term
Blood plasma circulates throughout the body and links the internal and external environments as well as the ____ and ____.
Definition
ICF/ECF
Term
Increased hydrostatic pressure at the arteriole end of the capillary bed forces fluid and substances ______ of the blood vessels and _____ the interstitial spaces.
Definition
out/into
Term
Increased colloid osmotic pressure at the venous end of the capillary bed (insoluble plasma proteins) creates a _______ of fluids ______ the blood vessel and ______ of the interstitial spaces.
Definition
suction/into/out
Term
Water flows freely in and out as a response to what?
Definition
Concentration gradients
Term
Movements of nutrients, respiratory gases, and wastes are ____________.
Definition
Unidirectional
Term
Nutrients and oxygen moves ______ cells.
Definition
towards
Term
Metabolic wastes and CO2 move ____ and _____ from cells.
Definition
out and away
Term
Electrolytes and non-electrolytes can move 4 ways. What are they?
Definition
1.)Facilitated
2.)Primary active transport
3.)Secondary active transport
4.)Endocytosis and exocytosis
Term
Fluid balance exists when water gains are _____ to water losses.
Definition
equal
Term
To remain hydrated, _______ output must balance with ______ _____.
Definition
obligatory water/water intake
Term
Obligatory water output is 2500mL a day. What is the breakdown?
Definition
-Urine - 1200mL/day
-Evaporation via skin - 750mL/day
-Evaporation via lung - 400mL/day
-Feces - 150mL/day
Term
What is the breakdown of water intake?
Definition
-Solid foods - 1,000mL
-Liquids/beverages - 1200mL
-Metabolic water - 300mL
Term
Water balance is regulated by ________ and depends on _______ ______.
Definition
hormones/sodium balance
Term
What is primary hormone regulating water balance?
Definition
ADH.
Term
How does ADH work?
Definition
When blood volume decreases, ADH is secreted by the neurohypophysis which enhances the facultative water reabsorption in the kidney tubules which leads to increased ECF volumes.
Term
What happens to ADH when blood volume gets too high?
Definition
ANP is secreted by the atria of the heart and blocks the secretion of ADH which causes an increase in urine output and a drop in ECF values.
Term
How is aldosterone tied to Na+?
Definition
Aldosterone is produced when blood osmolarity is altered, particularly with respect to Na+ levels.
Term
If Na+ levels are too low, aldosterone secretion by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex enhances the reabsorption of ______ within the kidney tubules and _____ follows.
Definition
Na+/H2O
Term
If Na+ levels are TOO high, ANP blocks the secretion of ______ and causes Na+ to be excreted in _______ and total urine output ______.
Definition
aldosterone/urine/increases
Term
When does dehydration develop?
Definition
When water losses outpaces water gain.
Term
What are causes of dehydration?
Definition
Hemorrhage, severe burns, excessive vomiting and diarrhea, profuse sweating, water deprivation, or diuretic abuse.
Term
Prolonged dehydration causes cells to _______ because ECF is so concentrated/hypotonic to the body cells.
Definition
crenate
Term
What is hypotonic hydration?
Definition
happens when water gains outpace water losses.
Term
Why is hypotonic hydration rare?
Definition
Because healthy kidneys will secrete excess water as a component of urine.
Term
But if there is something wrong with the kidney, what happens during hypotonic hydration?
Definition
The water will accumulate in the ECF causing it to become diluted compared to the body cells. This could result in lysis of the body cells as massive amounts of water moves from the ECF to the ICF.
Term
What hormones regulate sodium?
Definition
Aldosterone and ANP
Term
Aldosterone increases sodium _______ and ANP decreases sodium _______.
Definition
Reabsorption/Reabsorption
Term
What hormones regulate potassium?
Definition
Aldosterone and ANP
Term
How does Aldosterone regulate potassium?
Definition
As it stimulates sodium reabsorption, it increases potassium secretion into the kidney tubules to be lost in urine.
Term
How does ANP regulate potassium?
Definition
ANP blocks sodium reabsorption and decreases potassium secretion into the kidney tubules and can even increase K+ reabsorption
Term
Chloride (Cl-) ________ Sodium (Na+)
Definition
follows
Term
As sodium is reabsorbed by aldosterone, _______ will also be reabsorbed.
Definition
chloride
Term
As sodium reabsorption is blocked by ANP, chloride reabsorption will be ______.
Definition
Blocked as well.
Term
What hormones regulate calcium?
Definition
PTH and Calcitonin.
Term
How does PTH regulate calcium?
Definition
Raises blood calcium levels when it is too low. Its secreted by chief cells when Ca+ levels drop.
Term
How does PTH work?
Definition
Stimulates the osteoclasts to break down bone and release stored calcium. It also increases the reabsorption of Ca+ from the food going through the digestive tract and from the tubular filtrate
Term
How does calcitonin work?
Definition
Lowers blood calcium levels when they are too high. Secreted by the parafollicular cells of the Thyroid gland. Stimulates the action of the osteoBLASTS to build up bone and store excess calcium.
Term
What hormones regulate phosphate?
Definition
PTH and Calcitonin.
Term
PTH ______ blood phosphate levels.
Definition
lowers
Term
Calcitonin ______ blood phosphate levels.
Definition
raises
Term
What is hypernatremia?
Definition
Sodium levels greater than 145 mEq/L
Term
What is hyponatremia?
Definition
Sodium levels are below 135 mEq/L
Term
What is hyperkalemia?
Definition
Potassium levels are above 5.5 mEq/L
Term
What is hypokalemia?
Definition
Potassium levels are below 3.5 mEq/L
Term
What is hyperchloremia?
Definition
Chloride levels are above 105 mEq/L
Term
What is hypochloremia?
Definition
Chloride levels below 95 mEq/L
Term
What is hypercalcemia?
Definition
Calcium levels above 5.2 mEq/L
Term
What is hypocalcemia?
Definition
Calcium levels are below 4.5 mEq/L
Term
What is hyperphosphatemia?
Definition
Phosphate levels are greater than 2.9 mEq/L
Term
What is hypophosphatemia?
Definition
Phosphate levels are below 1.6 mEq/L
Term
What are acids defined as?
Definition
Electrolytes that release H+ when in solution. Often called "proton donors" They're pH is lower than 7.
Term
What is a fixed acid?
Definition
Acids that do not leave solution. Once produced, they will remain in body fluids until they are eliminated at the kidneys. Ex: Sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, which are generated during catabolism of amino acids or phosphate containing compounds.
Term
What is an organic acid?
Definition
Acids that are participants in, or by-products of cellular metabolism. Ex: lactic acid, and ketone bodies.
Term
What is a volatile acid?
Definition
Acids that can leave the body by entering the atmosphere at the lungs. Ex: carbonic acid which forms by interaction between water and carbon dioxide.
Term
What are bases defined as?
Definition
Electrolytes that release hydroxide ions (OH-) when in solution. Often called proton acceptors. They are pH above 7.
Term
What is pH?
Definition
The negative exponent of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
Term
What does neutral mean?
Definition
A solution with a pH of 7, the solution contains equal numbers of H+ and OH- ions
Term
What is a salt?
Definition
An ionic compound consisting of a cation other than hydrogen ions and an anion other than a hydroxide ion.
Term
What is a buffer?
Definition
A substance that tends to oppose changes in pH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions. In body fluids, buffers maintain blood pH within normal limits.
Term
What is the most important factor affecting the pH of body fluid and tissues?
Definition
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide
Term
As PCO2 levels rise....
Definition
pH DROPS becoming more ACIDIC
Term
As PCO2 levels drop....
Definition
pH rises becoming more BASIC
Term
Active tissues continually form carbon dioxide which in solution forms ______ ____.
Definition
Carbonic acid
Term
Additional acids such as lactic acid and uric acid are produced during metabolic processes as well. T or F?
Definition
T
Term
What are chemical buffers capable of?
Definition
TEMPORARILY storing hydrogen ions and thereby providing short term pH stability but they cannot prevent pH shifts in the ICF and the ECF.
Term
What is the bicarbonate buffer system?
Definition
The most important chemical buffering system for the ECF.
Term
What functions as a weak base? (Bicarb)
Definition
NaHCO3- (sodium bicarbonate)
Term
What functions as a weak acid? (Bicarb)
Definition
H2CO3 - (carbonic acid)
Term
HCl (strong acid) + NaHCO3 ---> _______
(Bicarb)
Definition
H2CO3 (weak acid) + NaCl
Term
NaOH (strong base) + H2CO3 ---> _______
(Bicarb)
Definition
NaHCO3 (weak base) + H2O
Term
What is the phosphate buffer system?
Definition
Most important buffering system in ICF and urine.
Term
What acts as a weak base? (phos)
Definition
Na2HPO4 (monohydrogen phosphate)
Term
What acts as a weak acid? (phos)
Definition
NaH2PO4 (dihydrogen phosphate)
Term
HCl + Na2HPO4 ---> ______ + _______
(phos)
Definition
NaH2PO4 + NaCl
Term
NaOH + NaH2PO4 ---> ______ + _______
(phos)
Definition
Na2HPO4 + H2O
Term
What are the most important physiological buffers and are important for maintaining pH balance in the body and compensating for acid-base imbalances?
Definition
The lungs and kidneys
Term
What is metabolic acidosis?
Definition
HCO3- is low, pH of blood is below 7.35 (acidic)
Term
What causes metabolic acidosis?
Definition
excessive alcohol consumption, untreated diabetes, starvation, prolonged diarrhea, renal dysfxn.
Term
How do the lungs and kidneys compensate for metabolic acidosis?
Definition
Lungs - Hyperventilation
Kidneys - Reabsoption of HCO3- and secretion of H+ by the kidneys.
Term
What is metabolic alkalosis?
Definition
HCO3- is high, pH of blood is above 7.45 (basic)
Term
What causes metabolic alkalosis?
Definition
Excessive vomiting, diuretic abuse, stomach pumping, ingestion of excessive sodium bicarbonate, excess aldosterone.
Term
How do the lungs and kidneys compensate for metabolic alkalosis?
Definition
Lungs - Hypoventilation
Kidneys - Reabsorption of H+ and secretion of HCO3-
Term
What is respiratory acidosis?
Definition
Results in an increase in CO2 due to hypoventilation.
Term
What causes respiratory acidosis?
Definition
Shallow breathing, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, narcotic or barbiturate use.
Term
Increased CO2 = deacreased _____
Definition
pH. (acidic)
Term
How do the lungs and kidneys compensate for respiratory acidosis?
Definition
Lungs - hyperventilation
Kidneys - Secretion of H+ and reabsorption of HCO3-
Term
What is respiratory alkalosis?
Definition
The result of a decrease in CO2 levels in the blood due to hyperventilation.
Term
What causes respiratory alkalosis?
Definition
Caused by strong emotions, hypoxia, a brain tumor, injury.
Term
Decreased CO2 = increased _____
Definition
pH. (basic)
Term
How do they lungs and kidneys compensate for respiratory alkalosis?
Definition
Lungs - Hypoventilation
Kidneys - Reabsorbtion of H+ and secretion of HCO3-
Term
CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> ____ + _____
Definition
H+ + HCO3-
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