Term
| What is the largest component of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Males are ___% water and 40% solid materials and women are _____% water and 50% solid materials. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since fat is hyrdophobic, the less fat present corresponds to greater percentage of body weight due to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adipose tissue is ____% hydrated while skeletal muscle is ____%. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The early embryo is what percent water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The newborn infant is what percent water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The adult male is what percent water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The adult female is what percent water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An elderly adult is what percent water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intracellular fluids. FLuids within the body cells such as cytosol, nucleoplasm, matrix of mitochondria etc. |
|
|
Term
| The IFC makes up _____% of total body water in men and _____% of total body water in women/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extracellular fluid compartment. Fluid found outside the cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 different liquids that make up the EFC? |
|
Definition
1.)Interstitial Fluid
2.)Intravascular
3.)Other |
|
|
Term
| What makes up interstitial fluid? |
|
Definition
| The fluid in the microscopic spaces between cells. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage in males is interstitial fluid? IN women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is intravascular fluid? |
|
Definition
| Fluid portion of blood (plasma) located within the blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What percentage in males is intravascular fluid? In women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, humors of the eye, synovial fluid, serous fluids, and secretions of the GI tracts. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of other fluids makes up ECF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What constitute an electrolyte? |
|
Definition
| Molecules that disassociate in solution to form charged particles called IONS rendering the solution capable of conducting an electrical current. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An ion carrying a positive charge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An ion carrying a negative charge |
|
|
Term
| What are non-electrolytes? |
|
Definition
| Molecules that have covalent bonds that prevent them from dissociating in solution. Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, creatinine, and urea. Far more abundant than elecrtolytes. |
|
|
Term
| How are electrolytes expressed? |
|
Definition
| Milliequivalents per liter |
|
|
Term
| Blood plasma and interstitial fluids (Both components of ECF) are very _______ except that protein levels are higher in ______ because they are too large to diffuse in and out of capillary vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood plasma and interstitial fluids have _______ Na+ cations and _______ Cl- anions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intracellular fluids have _____ K+ cations and ____ HPO42- anions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood plasma circulates throughout the body and links the internal and external environments as well as the ____ and ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased hydrostatic pressure at the arteriole end of the capillary bed forces fluid and substances ______ of the blood vessels and _____ the interstitial spaces. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased colloid osmotic pressure at the venous end of the capillary bed (insoluble plasma proteins) creates a _______ of fluids ______ the blood vessel and ______ of the interstitial spaces. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water flows freely in and out as a response to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movements of nutrients, respiratory gases, and wastes are ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nutrients and oxygen moves ______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metabolic wastes and CO2 move ____ and _____ from cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrolytes and non-electrolytes can move 4 ways. What are they? |
|
Definition
1.)Facilitated
2.)Primary active transport
3.)Secondary active transport
4.)Endocytosis and exocytosis |
|
|
Term
| Fluid balance exists when water gains are _____ to water losses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To remain hydrated, _______ output must balance with ______ _____. |
|
Definition
| obligatory water/water intake |
|
|
Term
| Obligatory water output is 2500mL a day. What is the breakdown? |
|
Definition
-Urine - 1200mL/day
-Evaporation via skin - 750mL/day
-Evaporation via lung - 400mL/day
-Feces - 150mL/day |
|
|
Term
| What is the breakdown of water intake? |
|
Definition
-Solid foods - 1,000mL
-Liquids/beverages - 1200mL
-Metabolic water - 300mL |
|
|
Term
| Water balance is regulated by ________ and depends on _______ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is primary hormone regulating water balance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When blood volume decreases, ADH is secreted by the neurohypophysis which enhances the facultative water reabsorption in the kidney tubules which leads to increased ECF volumes. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to ADH when blood volume gets too high? |
|
Definition
| ANP is secreted by the atria of the heart and blocks the secretion of ADH which causes an increase in urine output and a drop in ECF values. |
|
|
Term
| How is aldosterone tied to Na+? |
|
Definition
| Aldosterone is produced when blood osmolarity is altered, particularly with respect to Na+ levels. |
|
|
Term
| If Na+ levels are too low, aldosterone secretion by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex enhances the reabsorption of ______ within the kidney tubules and _____ follows. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If Na+ levels are TOO high, ANP blocks the secretion of ______ and causes Na+ to be excreted in _______ and total urine output ______. |
|
Definition
| aldosterone/urine/increases |
|
|
Term
| When does dehydration develop? |
|
Definition
| When water losses outpaces water gain. |
|
|
Term
| What are causes of dehydration? |
|
Definition
| Hemorrhage, severe burns, excessive vomiting and diarrhea, profuse sweating, water deprivation, or diuretic abuse. |
|
|
Term
| Prolonged dehydration causes cells to _______ because ECF is so concentrated/hypotonic to the body cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is hypotonic hydration? |
|
Definition
| happens when water gains outpace water losses. |
|
|
Term
| Why is hypotonic hydration rare? |
|
Definition
| Because healthy kidneys will secrete excess water as a component of urine. |
|
|
Term
| But if there is something wrong with the kidney, what happens during hypotonic hydration? |
|
Definition
| The water will accumulate in the ECF causing it to become diluted compared to the body cells. This could result in lysis of the body cells as massive amounts of water moves from the ECF to the ICF. |
|
|
Term
| What hormones regulate sodium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone increases sodium _______ and ANP decreases sodium _______. |
|
Definition
| Reabsorption/Reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| What hormones regulate potassium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Aldosterone regulate potassium? |
|
Definition
| As it stimulates sodium reabsorption, it increases potassium secretion into the kidney tubules to be lost in urine. |
|
|
Term
| How does ANP regulate potassium? |
|
Definition
| ANP blocks sodium reabsorption and decreases potassium secretion into the kidney tubules and can even increase K+ reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| Chloride (Cl-) ________ Sodium (Na+) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As sodium is reabsorbed by aldosterone, _______ will also be reabsorbed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As sodium reabsorption is blocked by ANP, chloride reabsorption will be ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones regulate calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does PTH regulate calcium? |
|
Definition
| Raises blood calcium levels when it is too low. Its secreted by chief cells when Ca+ levels drop. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates the osteoclasts to break down bone and release stored calcium. It also increases the reabsorption of Ca+ from the food going through the digestive tract and from the tubular filtrate |
|
|
Term
| How does calcitonin work? |
|
Definition
| Lowers blood calcium levels when they are too high. Secreted by the parafollicular cells of the Thyroid gland. Stimulates the action of the osteoBLASTS to build up bone and store excess calcium. |
|
|
Term
| What hormones regulate phosphate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PTH ______ blood phosphate levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcitonin ______ blood phosphate levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sodium levels greater than 145 mEq/L |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sodium levels are below 135 mEq/L |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Potassium levels are above 5.5 mEq/L |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Potassium levels are below 3.5 mEq/L |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chloride levels are above 105 mEq/L |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chloride levels below 95 mEq/L |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calcium levels above 5.2 mEq/L |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calcium levels are below 4.5 mEq/L |
|
|
Term
| What is hyperphosphatemia? |
|
Definition
| Phosphate levels are greater than 2.9 mEq/L |
|
|
Term
| What is hypophosphatemia? |
|
Definition
| Phosphate levels are below 1.6 mEq/L |
|
|
Term
| What are acids defined as? |
|
Definition
| Electrolytes that release H+ when in solution. Often called "proton donors" They're pH is lower than 7. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acids that do not leave solution. Once produced, they will remain in body fluids until they are eliminated at the kidneys. Ex: Sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, which are generated during catabolism of amino acids or phosphate containing compounds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acids that are participants in, or by-products of cellular metabolism. Ex: lactic acid, and ketone bodies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acids that can leave the body by entering the atmosphere at the lungs. Ex: carbonic acid which forms by interaction between water and carbon dioxide. |
|
|
Term
| What are bases defined as? |
|
Definition
| Electrolytes that release hydroxide ions (OH-) when in solution. Often called proton acceptors. They are pH above 7. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The negative exponent of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A solution with a pH of 7, the solution contains equal numbers of H+ and OH- ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An ionic compound consisting of a cation other than hydrogen ions and an anion other than a hydroxide ion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that tends to oppose changes in pH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions. In body fluids, buffers maintain blood pH within normal limits. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important factor affecting the pH of body fluid and tissues? |
|
Definition
| The partial pressure of carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pH DROPS becoming more ACIDIC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pH rises becoming more BASIC |
|
|
Term
| Active tissues continually form carbon dioxide which in solution forms ______ ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Additional acids such as lactic acid and uric acid are produced during metabolic processes as well. T or F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are chemical buffers capable of? |
|
Definition
| TEMPORARILY storing hydrogen ions and thereby providing short term pH stability but they cannot prevent pH shifts in the ICF and the ECF. |
|
|
Term
| What is the bicarbonate buffer system? |
|
Definition
| The most important chemical buffering system for the ECF. |
|
|
Term
| What functions as a weak base? (Bicarb) |
|
Definition
| NaHCO3- (sodium bicarbonate) |
|
|
Term
| What functions as a weak acid? (Bicarb) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HCl (strong acid) + NaHCO3 ---> _______
(Bicarb) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NaOH (strong base) + H2CO3 ---> _______
(Bicarb) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the phosphate buffer system? |
|
Definition
| Most important buffering system in ICF and urine. |
|
|
Term
| What acts as a weak base? (phos) |
|
Definition
| Na2HPO4 (monohydrogen phosphate) |
|
|
Term
| What acts as a weak acid? (phos) |
|
Definition
| NaH2PO4 (dihydrogen phosphate) |
|
|
Term
HCl + Na2HPO4 ---> ______ + _______
(phos) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NaOH + NaH2PO4 ---> ______ + _______
(phos) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most important physiological buffers and are important for maintaining pH balance in the body and compensating for acid-base imbalances? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is metabolic acidosis? |
|
Definition
| HCO3- is low, pH of blood is below 7.35 (acidic) |
|
|
Term
| What causes metabolic acidosis? |
|
Definition
| excessive alcohol consumption, untreated diabetes, starvation, prolonged diarrhea, renal dysfxn. |
|
|
Term
| How do the lungs and kidneys compensate for metabolic acidosis? |
|
Definition
Lungs - Hyperventilation
Kidneys - Reabsoption of HCO3- and secretion of H+ by the kidneys. |
|
|
Term
| What is metabolic alkalosis? |
|
Definition
| HCO3- is high, pH of blood is above 7.45 (basic) |
|
|
Term
| What causes metabolic alkalosis? |
|
Definition
| Excessive vomiting, diuretic abuse, stomach pumping, ingestion of excessive sodium bicarbonate, excess aldosterone. |
|
|
Term
| How do the lungs and kidneys compensate for metabolic alkalosis? |
|
Definition
Lungs - Hypoventilation
Kidneys - Reabsorption of H+ and secretion of HCO3- |
|
|
Term
| What is respiratory acidosis? |
|
Definition
| Results in an increase in CO2 due to hypoventilation. |
|
|
Term
| What causes respiratory acidosis? |
|
Definition
| Shallow breathing, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, narcotic or barbiturate use. |
|
|
Term
| Increased CO2 = deacreased _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the lungs and kidneys compensate for respiratory acidosis? |
|
Definition
Lungs - hyperventilation
Kidneys - Secretion of H+ and reabsorption of HCO3- |
|
|
Term
| What is respiratory alkalosis? |
|
Definition
| The result of a decrease in CO2 levels in the blood due to hyperventilation. |
|
|
Term
| What causes respiratory alkalosis? |
|
Definition
| Caused by strong emotions, hypoxia, a brain tumor, injury. |
|
|
Term
| Decreased CO2 = increased _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do they lungs and kidneys compensate for respiratory alkalosis? |
|
Definition
Lungs - Hypoventilation
Kidneys - Reabsorbtion of H+ and secretion of HCO3- |
|
|
Term
| CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> ____ + _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
