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Chapter 23
Digestive System Exam V
134
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/13/2011

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Term
Major Divisions of the Digestive System
Definition
Alimentary canal (GI tract) Accessory Organs
Term
GI tract location/size
Definition
Continuous tube that extends from mouth to anus about 30 feet long
Term
GI tract includes what organs/cavities
Definition
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
Term
GI Tract: Time it takes for food to travel entire length
Definition
24-48 hours
Term
Accessory organs are connected by...
Definition
Ducts
Term
Accessory organs include...
Definition
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Term
Ingestion
Definition
taking food into the mouth
Term
Mastication
Definition
chewing (grinds up food and mixes it with saliva), occurs in mouth
Term
Deglutition
Definition
swallowing food (moves it from mouth to pharynx to esophagus) – voluntary
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
rhythmic, wave-like contractions that move food through the GI tract – involuntary
Term
Digestion
Definition
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food material to prepare it for absorption
Term
Digestion: Segmentation
Definition
local, rhythmic contractions of small intestine
Term
Absorption
Definition
passage of molecules of food through mucous membranes of small intestine and into blood or lymph for distribution to cells
Term
Defecation
Definition
discharge of indigestible wastes from GI tract
Term
Mechanical digestion includes...
Definition
Mouth, Stomach, and Small Intestine (segmentation)
Term
Chemical digestion includes...
Definition
Mouth, Stomach, and Small Intestine
Term
Peristalsis includes...
Definition
Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine
Term
Absorption includes...
Definition
Small and Large Intestines
Term
Peritoneum
Definition
serous membrane of abdominopelvic cavity
Term
Peritoneum: Two layers
Definition
Visceral and Parietal peritoneum
Term
Visceral peritoneum
Definition
covers external organ surfaces, is continuous with parietal peritoneum
Term
Parietal peritoneum
Definition
lines the body wall
Term
Peritoneal cavity
Definition
space in between visceral and parietal peritoneum, contains serous fluid
Term
Mesentery
Definition
double layer of peritoneum that holds organs in place, stores fat, allows blood vessels and nerves to get to organs in peritoneal cavity
Term
Mucosa
Definition
Mucous membrane with 3 sub-layers: epithelial lining, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
Term
Submucosa
Definition
CT layer with lots of blood vessels and nerve fibers
Term
Muscularis externa
Definition
2 layers: inner circular, outer longitudinal
Term
Serosa (adventitia)
Definition
Is the visceral peritoneum
Term
Nerve plexuses
Definition
Receive signals from sympathetic, parasympathetic
Term
Enteric nervous system
Definition
is the gut’s own system – controls peristalsis, segmentation (ANS speeds or slows it)
Term
Mouth
Definition
Food enters and mastication takes place, aided by saliva
Term
Mouth: Vestibule
Definition
area between teeth and cheeks
Term
Oral cavity proper
Definition
internal
Term
Mouth includes...
Definition
Lips, Cheeks, Palate, Teeth, and Tongue
Term
Tongue: Function
Definition
Moves food around and mixes it with saliva to form a bolus (during mastication), aids in speech production
Term
Tongue: Composition
Definition
Skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane
Term
Tongue: What cavity it belongs to
Definition
Anterior 2/3 of tongue is in oral cavity, posterior 1/3 located in pharynx (attached to hyoid bone)
Term
Tongue: Papillae
Definition
bumps on the anterior 2/3 of tongue (some contain taste buds)
Term
Tongue: Tonsils location
Definition
Posterior 1/3 of tongue.
Term
Tongue: Bolus
Definition
Mixture of food and saliva
Term
Teeth
Definition
Designed to handle different types of food in different ways
Term
Teeth: Incisors
Definition
4 pairs (2 upper, 2 lower) of most anterior teeth, adapted to cut and shear food
Term
Teeth: Canines
Definition
2 pairs in anterior corners of mouth, responsible for holding, tearing, and piercing
Term
Teeth: Premolars and Molars
Definition
are located behind canines (grinding)
Term
Deciduous teeth
Definition
first set of teeth (dentition), develops in humans at around 6 months- there are 20 of them that all erupt by about age 2 ½
Term
Permanent teeth
Definition
replace deciduous teeth, beginning around age 6 and ending at the end of adolescence
Term
Wisdom teeth
Definition
3rd set of molars- can erupt, can stay put, can erupt sideways, etc. Get them at ages 17-25
Term
Pharynx: Functions
Definition
Has digestive function in addition to respiratory function. Muscles contract to aid in swallowing.
Term
Pharynx: Regions
Definition
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
Term
Nasopharynx
Definition
posterior to nasal cavity (NOT involved in digestion)
Term
Oropharynx
Definition
Posterior to oral cavity
Term
Laryngopharynx
Definition
At level of larynx
Term
Esophagus: Size and description
Definition
Collapsible muscular tube about 10” long
Term
Esophagus: Route
Definition
Passes through opening in diaphragm called esophageal hiatus
Term
Esophagus: Superior 1/3 composition
Definition
Skeletal muscle
Term
Esophagus: Middle 1/3 composition
Definition
Skeletal and Smooth Muscle
Term
Esophagus: Inferior 1/3 composition
Definition
Smooth Muscle
Term
Esophagus: Cardiac Sphincter location
Definition
is at junction of esophagus and stomach
Term
Esophagus: Cardiac Sphincter function
Definition
is supposed to contract after food/fluid passes (sometimes allows acid back through, causes heartburn)
Term
Stomach: Loaction
Definition
upper left side of abdomen, just below diaphragm
Term
Stomach: Shape when empty
Definition
J-shaped
Term
Stomach: Can hold this much food
Definition
1 gallon
Term
Stomach: Internal surface has...
Definition
rugae (mucosal folds)
Term
Stomach: Function
Definition
Food gets churned up with gastric secretions to make chyme (pasty material)
Term
Stomach: Regions
Definition
Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus
Term
Stomach: Cardia
Definition
narrow upper region just below esophagus
Term
Stomach: Fundus
Definition
dome-shaped portion to the left of and in direct contact with diaphragm
Term
Stomach: Body
Definition
Large central portion
Term
Stomach: Pylorus
Definition
funnel-shaped terminal portion
Term
Stomach: Pyloric Sphincter
Definition
is gatekeeper to small intestine- regulates movement, stops backflow)
Term
Small Intestine: Size
Definition
Is about 12 feet long (longest part of alimentary canal)
Term
Small Intestine: Name origin
Definition
Called small intestine because it is smaller in diameter than large intestine
Term
Small Intestine: Location
Definition
Is positioned in lower abdomen, supported by mesentary (permits movement but not twisting)
Term
Small Intestine: Overview
Definition
The body’s major digestive organ, and absorption takes place
Term
Small Intestine: Regions
Definition
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
Term
Duodenum location and size
Definition
5% of small intestine, about a foot in length. Most of it is located in retroperitoneal.
Term
Duodenum: Function
Definition
Receives bile secretions from liver and gall bladder here and pancreatic secretions
Term
Jejunum size and location
Definition
40% of small intestine, the middle 3 feet, superior left portion.
Term
Ileum size and location
Definition
60% of small intestine, final 6-7 feet, inferior right portion.
Term
Small intestine absorption: Two components
Definition
Circular folds, Villi
Term
Circular folds
Definition
Forces chyme to spiral through the intestinal lumen (slows movement)
Term
Villi: Overview
Definition
specialized structures in small intestine, finger-like projections that extend into lumen of small intestine
Term
Villi: are covered in...
Definition
with simple columnar epithelial cells
Term
Villi: contain...
Definition
several capillaries, lymphocytes, and the lacteals (fat absorption)
Term
Large intestine: Size and digestive function
Definition
5 feet long (1.5 m) and has little or no digestive function
Term
Large Intestine: Relation with small intesting
Definition
Frames the small intestine on 3.5 sides
Term
Large intestine: Chyme
Definition
moves about 1” per minute – remains for approx. 12-24 hours in large intestine
Term
Large Intestine: Main function
Definition
is to absorb H2O and electrolytes
Term
Large Intestine: Secondary functions
Definition
are to form, store, and expel feces from the body
Term
Large Intestine: Special features
Definition
Teniae coli, haustra, epiploic appendages
Term
Large Intestine: Teniae Coli
Definition
3 longitudinal strips at equal intervals around cecum and colon
Term
Large Intestine: Haustra
Definition
bulges in large intestine, fill up with material and then are stimulated to churn
Term
Large Intestine: Epiploic appendages
Definition
fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum (function unknown)
Term
Large Intestine: Cecum size and shape
Definition
Lower right side of body, sac-like
Term
Large Intestine: Cecum ileocecal valve
Definition
Between small and large intestine
Term
Large Intestine: Cecum Appendix (vermiform)
Definition
Attached to it, appendix has lymph tissue that may help resist infection.
Term
Large Intestine Colon list
Definition
Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
Term
Ascending colon
Definition
Extends from cecum to liver
Term
Ascending colon: Flexure
Definition
bend in colon (one on right side is called hepatic (aka right colic), one on left side is splenic (aka left colic))
Term
Transverse colon
Definition
Travels across from right to left side
Term
Descending colon
Definition
Travels from splenic flexure to pelvic region
Term
Sigmoid colon
Definition
Point where colon angles medially from brim of pelvis, form an S-shaped bend
Term
Large Intestine: Rectum
Definition
Last 7-8 inches of GI tract (fully lined with muscle, no teniae coli)
Term
Large Intestine: Anal Canal: Components
Definition
Anus and sphincters
Term
Large Intestine: Anal Canal: Anus
Definition
external opening of anal canal- has 2 sphincters
Term
Large Intestine: Anal Canal: Internal anal sphincter
Definition
made of smooth muscle
Term
Large Intestine: Anal Canal: External anal sphincter
Definition
Made of skeletal muscle
Term
Salivary Glands
Definition
Accessory digestive glands that produce saliva
Term
Saliva: Overview
Definition
is a solvent for cleaning teeth and dissolving food molecules (helps form bolus)
Term
Saliva: contains...
Definition
digestive enzymes and lubricating mucus
Term
Salvia: Secretion
Definition
Is secreted continuously in small amounts to keep oral cavity moist
Term
Minor Salivary glands overview
Definition
There are many minor salivary glands (intrinsic glands that keep mouth moist), but most of the digestive saliva is secreted by 3 sets of extrinsic salivary glands
Term
Minor Salivary Glands list
Definition
Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual
Term
Parotid
Definition
Largest, located near auricle of ear
Term
Submandibular
Definition
Inferior/anterior to the body of the mandible
Term
Sublingual
Definition
Floor of mouth, inferior to tongue
Term
Liver: size
Definition
Largest gland in the body (~3 lbs)
Term
Liver: location
Definition
Lies inferior to diaphragm in right superior portion of abdominal cavity, base faces right and apex faces left (diaphragmatic/visceral surfaces)
Term
Liver: Gross anatomy
Definition
Has right and left lobes, separated by falciform ligament (anterior) and fissure (posteroinferior) – and has quadrate and caudate lobes (visceral)
Term
Liver: Microscopic Anatomy
Definition
liver lobules are plates of hepatocytes, shaped like hexagons
Term
Liver: Function
Definition
Liver performs many functions, but digestive purpose is production of bile, which breaks up fat
Term
Liver: Bilirubin
Definition
is produced from breaking down RBCs – found in bile
Term
Gallbladder: Shape and location
Definition
Muscular sac located on posteroinferior surface of liver
Term
Gallbladder: Function
Definition
Stores bile; cystic duct (from gallbladder) joins common hepatic duct (from liver) to form bile duct (common bile duct)
Term
Gallbladder: Bile
Definition
processes fat – too much cholesterol or too few bile salts cause gallstones, which plug cystic duct
Term
Pancreas: Shape and location
Definition
Retroperitoneal, shaped like tadpole (head lies near duodenum, tail near spleen)
Term
Pancreas: Ducts
Definition
Main pancreatic duct joins hepatic duct, empties into duodenum
Term
Pancreas: What type of functions
Definition
Endocrine and exocrine
Term
Pancreas: Exocrine function
Definition
to produce enzymes that work in small intestine
Term
Pancreas: Acinar cells
Definition
make pancreatic enzymes
Term
Hepatitis
Definition
Inflammation of the liver (flu symptoms, jaundice)
Term
Hepatitis A
Definition
acute infection, no long term damage
Term
Hepatitis B
Definition
transmission of infected blood or body fluids, OR from mother to newborn at birth – people usually recover but condition can become chronic problem
Term
Hepatitis C
Definition
transmitted similarly to B, no short-term symptoms; many people don’t know they’re infected for a while
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