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Chapter 2 & 3
chemical
44
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
09/24/2012

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Term
Importance of Water
Definition
the properties of aqueous solutions
Hydrophilic (hydro- = water, philos = loving) = interacts with water; includes ions and polar molecules
Hydrophobic (phobos = fear) -does NOT interact with water; includes nonpolar molecules, fats, and oils
Term
Properties of water
Definition
1. High heat capacity
2. High heat of vaporization
3. Polar solvent properties
4. Reactivity
5. Cushioning
Term
Organic
Definition
molecules based on carbon & hydrogen
ex: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Contain H, C, and usually O
Term
Inorganic
Definition
molecules not based on carbon and hydrogen
ex: carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, and inorganic acids, bases, and salts
Term
pH
Definition
the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
*pH of blood 7.35-7.45
- Neutral is balance of H+ and OH—
Term
Acid pH
Definition
pH lower than 7.0
High H+ concentration / Low OH— concentration
Term
Carbs
Definition
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
Term
Lipids
Definition
mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes
made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms
i.e: Fatty acids
Eicosanoids
Glycerides
Steroids
Phospholipids and glycolipids
Term
Glycolipids
Definition
hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails and are structural lipids, components of plasma (cell) membranes
Term
Prostaglandins
Definition
local hormones, short-chain fatty acids
Term
Saturated
Definition
with hydrogen (no covalent bonds)
Term
Unsaturated
Definition
(one or more double bonds):
monounsaturated = one double bond
polyunsaturated = two or more double bonds
Term
Functions of proteins
Definition
1. Support - structural proteins
2. Movement - contractile proteins
3. Transport - carrier proteins
4. Buffering - pH regulation
5. Metabolic regulation - enzymes
6. Coordination and control - hormones
7. Defense - antibodies
Term
Characteristics of Enzymes
Definition
1.Enzymes are catalysts
2. Lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction
3. Are not changed or used up in the reaction
4. Enzymes are also:
specific — will only work on limited types of substrates
limited — by their saturation
Term
Cycles
Definition
figure 2.21
1. Substrates bind
 at active site, 
enzyme changes
 shape to hold 
substrates in 
proper position
2. Internal
 rearrangements 
leading to 
catalysis occur
3. Product is
 released. Enzyme 
returns to original
 shape and is 
available to catalyze 
another reaction.
Term
Base pH
Definition
pH higher than 7.0
Low H+ concentration / High OH— concentration
Term
pH scale
Definition
Has an inverse relationship with H+ concentration
More H+ ions mean lower pH, less H+ ions mean higher pH
Term
Acid properties
Definition
adds hydrogen ions to a solution
proton donor
strong acids dissociate completely
*weak help balance pH & do not dissociate
Term
Base properties
Definition
removes hydrogen ions from a solution
proton acceptor
strong bases dissociate completely in solution
*weak help balance pH & do not dissociate
Term
Proteins
Definition
the most abundant and important organic molecules
contain basic elements:
Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N)
built of 20 amino acids
Term
Cofactor
Definition
An ion or molecule that binds to an enzyme before substrates can bind
Term
Function of fascia
Definition
hold skin onto muscle; connective tissue anchors things in place (i.e. muscle)
Term
Metabolism
Definition
all reactions occurring at one time in cells and tissues of organism
Function: provides energy to maintain homeostasis and perform essential functions
Term
Metabolism Functions
Definition
1. metabolic turnover lets your body grow, change, and adapt to new conditions and activities
2. your body recycles and renews all of its chemical components at intervals ranging from minutes to years
3. growth and cell division
4. special processes (i.e secretion, contraction, propagation of AP)
Term
3 Basic Cell Parts:
1. Plasma membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Nucleus
Definition
1. flexible outer boundary; selectively permeable
2. intracellular fluid containing organelles
3. control center
Term
Functions of Plasma membrane
Definition
1. Physical isolation - barrier
2. Regulates exchange with environment - Ions and nutrients enter, wastes eliminated and cellular products released
3. Monitors the environment - extracellular fluid composition, chemical signals
4. Structural support - anchors cells and tissues
Term
Membrane Proteins
Definition
1. Anchoring proteins (stabilizers)
Attach to inside or outside structures
2. Recognition proteins (identifiers)
Label cells as normal or abnormal
3. Enzymes
Catalyze reactions
4. Receptor proteins
Bind and respond to ligands (ions, hormones)
5. Carrier proteins
Transport specific solutes through membrane
Term
Membrane Carbs
Definition
Proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids
-Extend outside cell membrane
-Form sticky “sugar coat” (glycocalyx)
Term
Membrane junctions
Definition
Term
Tight junctions
Definition
impermeable junctions prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space.
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
anchoring junctions bind adjacent cells together and help form an internal tension-reducing network of fibers.
Term
Gap junctions
Definition
Communicating junctions allow ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to the next for intercellular communication.
Term
Permeability
Definition
determines what moves in and out of a cell
Term
Impermeable
Definition
lets nothing in or out
Term
Freely permeable
Definition
lets anything pass
Term
Selectively permeable
Definition
restricts movement;
Restricts materials based on;
Size
Electrical charge
Molecular shape
Lipid solubility
Term
Membrane Transport
Definition
the plasma cell membrane is a barrier but nutrients must get in and products/waste must get out
Term
Active transport
Definition
transport through a plasma membrane that requires ATP energy against concentration gradient (i.e. ion pumps Na+)
Term
Passive transport
Definition
transport through a plasma membrane that does not require energy
Term
diffusion
Definition
high to low
*osmosis with water
Term
Primary active transport
Definition
pumping of ions across membranes using ATP
Term
Secondary active transport
Definition
movement of polar or charged solutes across membranes using an ion gradient
Term
Review Organelles
Definition
Term
DNA
Definition
instructions for every protein in the body sequence of bases (A, T, C, G)
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