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| Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, & legal support. Its achievements were uneven & depended largely on the quality of local administrators. |
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| "10 Percent" Reconstruction Plan |
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| Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10% of its voters had pledged loyalty to the U.S. & promised to honor emancipation. |
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| Passed by Congressional Republicans in response to Abraham Lincoln's "10% plan", requiring that 50% of a state's voters pledge allegiance to the Union, & set stronger safeguards for emancipation. Reflected divisions between Congress & the president, & between radical & moderate Republicans over the treatment of the defeated South. |
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| Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies. |
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| Helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific Transcontinental Railroad with the use of land grants & government bonds. |
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| Passed over Andrew Johnson's veto, the bill aimed to counteract the black codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans & making it a crime to deprive blacks of their right to sue, testify in court, or hold property. |
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| Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freedmen & prohibited states from taking away such rights without due process. |
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| Passed by the newly elected Republican Congress, it divided the South into five military districts, disenfranchised former Confederates, & required that southern states both ratify the 14th amendment & write state constitutions guaranteeing freedom to the franchise before granting readmission to the Union. |
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| Prohibited states from denying citizens the franchise on account of race. It disappointed feminists who wanted the amendment to include guarantees for women's suffrage. |
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| Civil War Era case in which the Supreme Court ruled that military tribunals could not be used to try civilians if Civil courts were open. |
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| Southern democratic politicians who sough to wrest control from Republican regimes after reconstruction. |
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| Women's organization formed to help bring about an end to the Civil War & encourage Congress to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery. |
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| Reconstruction era African-American organization that wanted to educate blacks about civic life, black schools & churches, & represented African American interests before government & employers. It also campaigned on behalf of Republican candidates & recruited local militias to protect blacks from white intimidation. |
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| Derogatory term for pro-Union southerners who Southern Democrats accused of plundering the resources of the South in collusion with Republican governments after the Civil War. |
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| Pejorative used by southern whites to describe Northern businessmen & politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in Southern infrastructure. |
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| An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid-nineteenth century & revived during the 1920s. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger, but pro-Anglo-Saxon & pro-Protestant. Its members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen & sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890s, Klan-style violence & Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks. |
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| Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, & gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts. |
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| Required the president to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees. When Andrew Johnson removed his secretary of war in violation of the act, he was impeached by the house but remained in office when the Senate fell one vote short of removing him. |
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| Popular term for Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia. The derisive term reflected the anti-expansionist sentiments of most Americans immediately after the Civil War. |
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| Union general who led the Freedmen's Bureau & was president of Howard University. |
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| Became president after Lincoln's assassination & organized a messy Reconstruction plan; ultimately impeached. |
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| House leader of radical Republicans who heavily championed for blacks & their civil rights. |
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| Black senator who was one of a few to serve in government originally. |
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| Secretary of War fired by Johnson before his impeachment; actually a radical Republican spy. |
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| Would've become president as a radical Republican if Johnson had been impeached. |
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| Secretary of State who bought Alaska from Russia against heavy criticism for $7.2 million. |
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