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Chapter 2
Chemistry Comes Alive
30
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/20/2011

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Term
Matter
Definition
is anything that occupies space and has mass; exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous states
Term
Kinetic Energy
Definition
is energy in action
Term
Potential Energy
Definition
is stored energy, that is inactive energy that has the potential, or capacity, to do work but is not presently doing so
Term
Elements
Definition
unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
is equal to the number of protons in its nucleus
Term
Mass Number
Definition
is the sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons
Term
Isotopes
Definition
have the same number of protons (and electrons), but differ in the number of neutrons they contain
Term
Atomic Weight
Definition
is an average of the relative weights (mass numbers) of all the isotopes of an element
Term
Mixtures
Definition
are substances composed of two or more components physically intermixed
Term
Solutions
Definition
are homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids
Term
Colloids (Emulsions)
Definition
are heterogeneous mixtures, which means that their composition is dissimilar in different areas of the mixture
Term
Suspensions
Definition
are heterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out; EX. blood
Term
Anion
Definition
atom that gains one or more electrons; acquires a net negative charge
Term
Cation
Definition
atom that loses electrons; acquires a net positive charge
Term
Crystals
Definition
large arrays of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition
is a chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other
Term
Covalent Bonds
Definition
electron sharing produces molecules in which the shared electrons occupy a single orbital common to both atoms
Term
Nonpolar Molecules
Definition
molecules formed that are electrically balanced
Term
Polar Molecule
Definition
result of unequal electron pair sharing
Term
Acids
Definition
have a sour taste, can react with (dissolve) many metals, and are proton donors. 0-7 pH
Term
Bases
Definition
have a bitter taste, feel slippery, and are proton acceptors. 7-14 pH
Term
pH units
Definition
the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids
Term
Buffers
Definition
resist abrupt and large swings in the pH body fluids by releasing hydrogen ions when the pH begins to rise and by binding hydrogen ions when the pH drops
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
a group of molecules that includes sugars and starches; provide cellular fuel
Term
Proteins
Definition
is the basic structural material of the body
Term
Enzymes
Definition
are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts
Term
Nucleic Acids
Definition
composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, are the largest molecules in the body; DNA and RNA
Term
Nucleotides
Definition
structural units of nucleic acids; composed of a nitrogen-containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
Term
DNA
Definition
is found in the nucleus, where it constitutes the genetic material; major roles: to replicate and to provide basic instructions for building every protein in the body
Term
RNA
Definition
is located outside the nucleus; carries out orders for protein synthesis issued by DNA
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