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Chapter 2
A&P Saladin
82
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
08/29/2011

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Term
Fatty Acid
Definition
An organic molecule composed of a chain of an even number of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group on one end and a methyl group on the other; one of the structural sub units of triglycerides and phospholipids
Term
Monosaccharide
Definition
A simple sugar, or sugar monomer; chiefly glucose, fructose and galactose
Term
Neutral fat
Definition
a Triglyceride
Term
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Definition
A molecule composed of Adenine, Ribose, and three phosphate groups that functions as a universal energy-transfer molecule.
Term
Organic
Definition
Pertaining to compounds of Carbon
Term
Polypeptide
Definition
Any chain of more than 10 or 15 amino acids
Term
Dehydration Synthesis
Definition
A reaction in with two chemical monomers are joined together with water produced as a byproduct; also called a condensation reaction. Compare Hydrolysis.
Term
Cohesion
Definition
the clinging of identical molecules to each other.
Term
peptide
Definition
any chain of 2 or more amino acids
Term
Glycerol
Definition
A viscous 3 carbon alcohol that forms the structural backbone of triglyceride and phospholipid molecules. Also known as glycerin
Term
Active Site
Definition
The region of a protein that bonds to a Ligand, such as the substrate binding site of an enzyme or the hormone-binding site of a receptor.
Term
Lipase
Definition
An enzyme that hydrolyzes a triglyceride into fatty acids and glycerol
Term
steroid
Definition
a lipid molecule that is composed of 4 interconnected carbon rings; cholesterol and several of its derivatives.
Term
denaturation
Definition
A change in the three-dimensional conformation of a protein that destroys its enzymatic or other functional properties, usually caused by extremes of temperature or pH.
Term
Adipose Tissue
Definition
A connective tissue composed primarily of adiposytes; fat
Term
Substrate
Definition
a chemical that is acted upon and changed by an enzyme.
Term
Substrate Specificity
Definition
The ability of an enzyme to bind only one substrate or a limited range of related substrates
Term
Surfactant
Definition
a chemical that reduces the surface tension of water and enables it to penetrate other substances more effectively. Examples include Pulmonary surfactants and bile salts
Term
Polysaccharide
Definition
A polymer of simple sugars; for example glycogen, starch, and cellulose
Term
Amino Acids
Definition
small organic molecules with an amino group and a carboxyl group; the monomers of which proteins are composed
Term
Hydrophylic
Definition
pertaining to molecules that attract water or dissolve in it because of their polar nature
Term
Aerobic Exercise
Definition
Exercise in which Oxygen is used to provide ATP; Endurance Exercise
Term
Glycogen
Definition
A glucose polymer synthesized by liver, muscle, uterine and vaginal cells that serves as an energy storage polysaccharide
Term
Glycolipid
Definition
a phospholipid molecule with a carbohydrate covalently bonded to it, found in the plasma membranes of cells
Term
Insulin
Definition
A hormone produced by B cells of pancreatic islets in response to a rise in blood glucose concentration; accelerates glucose uptake and metabolism by most cells of the body, thus lowering blood glucose concentration
Term
Polymer
Definition
A molecule that consists of a long chain of identical
Term
enzyme amplification
Definition
A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one step is an enzyme that produces an even greater number of product molecules at the next step, resulting in a rapidly increasing amount of reaction product. Seen in hormone action and blood clotting, for example
Term
Moiety
Definition
A chemically distinct subunit of a macromolecule, such as the heme and globin moieties of hemoglobin or the lipid and carbohydrate moieties of aglycolipid
Term
Conformation
Definition
the 3-dimensional structure of a protein that results from the interaction between its amino acid side groups, its interaction with water, and the formation of disulfide bonds
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
a steroid that functions as part of the plasma membrane and as a precursor for all other steroids in the body.
Term
Hydrophobic
Definition
pertaining to molecules that DO NOT attract water or dissolve in it because of their nonpolar nature; such molecules tend to dissolve in lipids and other nonpolar solvents.
Term
Glycoprotein
Definition
A protein molecule with a smaller carbohydrate covalently bonded to it; found in mucus and the glycocalyx of cells, for example
Term
Metabolite
Definition
Any chemical produced by metabolism
Term
Glycocalyx
Definition
a layer of carbohydrate molecules covalently bonded to the phospholipid and protein molecules of a plasma membrane; forms a surface coat on all human cells
Term
Disaccharide
Definition
a carbohydrate composed of two simple sugars joined by a glycosidic bond; for example lactose, sucrose, maltose
Term
Monomer
Definition
One of the identical or similar subunits of a larger molecule in the dimer of to polymer range; for example, the glucose monomers of starch, the amino acid monomers of a protein, or the nucleotides of DNA
Term
Maltose
Definition
a disaccharide composed of two glucose monomers
Term
Triglyceride
Definition
a lipid composed of three fatty acids joined to a glycerol; also called a triacyglycerol or neutral fat
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
a chemical reaction that breaks a covalent bond in a molecule by adding an - OH group to one side and an -H group to the other side, thus consuming a water molecule. Compare Dehydration Synthesis
Term
Conjugated
Definition
A state in which one organic compound is bound to another compound of a different class, such as a protein conjugated with a carbohydrate to form a glycoprotein
Term
Macromolecule
Definition
Any molecule of large size and high molecular weight such as a protein, nucleic acid, polysaccharide or triglyceride.
Term
Carboxyll Group
Definition
an organic functional group with the formula -COOH found in many organic acids such as amino acids and fatty acids
Term
Cofactor
Definition
a metal ion that binds to an enzyme and activates its catalytic function
Term
Metabolic Pathway
Definition
A series of Linked Chemical reactions, most of which are catalyzed by a separate enzyme; glycolysis for example
Term
Lactic Acid
Definition
an organic acid produced as an end product of the anaerobic fermentation of pyruvic acid; a contributing factor in muscle fatigue
Term
Functional Group
Definition
a group of atoms such as an amino or carboxyl group, that determines the functional characteristics of an organic molecule
Term
Metabolism
Definition
The sum of all chemical reactions in a body.
Term
Catalyst
Definition
Any chemical that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction and thus makes the reaction proceed more rapidly; a role served in cells by enzymes
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
a series of anaerobic oxididation reactions that break down a glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid and produce a small amount of ATP
Term
Enzyme
Definition
A protein that functions as a catalyst
Term
Peptide Bond
Definition
A group of 4 covalently bonded atoms that links 2 amino acids in a peptide.
Term
Minerals
Definition
inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed p the food chain to humans
Term
Electrolytes
Definition
Mineral salts
Term
Protons
Definition
Single + charge = 1 amu
Term
Neutrons
Definition
no charge, mass= 1 amu
Term
Atomic Mass
Definition
the total number of protons and neutrons
Term
Electrons
Definition
single negative charge. Determine the chemical properties of an atom. An atom is neutral because the # electrons = # protons
Term
Isotopes
Definition
Variations of an element that differ in number of neutrons, and therefore atomic mass. Chemically similar
Term
Ionizing radiation
Definition
converts atoms to ions in the form of high-energy radiation. Electrons are ejected, causing molecules to be destroyed and producing free-radicals.
Term
Types of nuclear decay:
Definition
alpha - 2 protons, 2 neutrons; can't penetrate skin.
beta: one free electron, slightly penetrates skin
gamma: most dangerous; high energy radiation
Term
ions
Definition
charged particles with unequal number of protons and electrons
Term
ionization
Definition
Occurs when there is a transfer of electrons from one atom to another (increase stability of valence shell)
Term
anions
Definition
gain electrons, negatively charged
Term
cations
Definition
lose electrons, positively charged
Term
Free radicals
Definition
chemical particles with an odd number of electrons, produced by normal metabolic reactions, radiation, chemicals. Can cause tisse damage
Term
Antioxidants
Definition
Neutralize free radicals
Term
Molecules
Definition
chemical particles composed of two or more atoms joined by a chemical bond
Term
Compound
Definition
a molecule has two or more different elements
Term
Molecular Formula
Definition
shows the elements and how many atoms of each are present
Term
Structural Formula
Definition
show the location of each atom. Differentiate between isomers.
Term
Types of Chemical Bonds
Definition
Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen, Van der Waals forces
Term
Ionic bond
Definition
weak attraction between an anion and cation.
Term
Covalent Bond
Definition
Sharing one or more pairs of electrons
Term
Nonpolar Covalent
Definition
Covalent Bond where electrons are shared equally
Term
Polar Covalent
Definition
Electrons are attracted more strongly to one than the other
Term
Mixtures
Definition
substances that are physically blended, but not chemically combined. Body Fluids, chemicals dissolved or suspended in water
Term
Water
Definition
Universal Solvent
Term
adhesion
Definition
tendency of one substance to cling to another
Term
Calorie (cal)
Definition
the amount of heat that raises the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree C
Term
Solutions
Definition
consists of particles of matter (solute) mixed with a more abundant substance (solvent). not visibly distinguishable, don't separate, pass easily through membrane
Term
Colloids
Definition
mixtures of protein and water, blood plasma, usually cloudy appearance, remain mixed, too large to permeate membrane
Term
Suspensions
Definition
contain large particles mixed with solvent and usually separate when left standing. RBCs in blood.
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