Term
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Definition
Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia
Significance: -able to travel halfway around the world
-confirmed late arrival in east Africa and south and southeast Asia
Analyze: -able to reach Asian and African ports like Calicut |
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Term
page 496
Asian sea trading network |
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Definition
Prior to intervention of Europeans, consisted of three zones: Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; India based on cotton textiles; China based on paper, porcelain, and silks
Significance: -primary source of trade for Europeans
-some products were traded over long distances (spices, ivory, cotton) and others were distributed locally (rice, livestock, timber)
Analyze: -no central control system at time
-Asian natives traded peacefully
-luxury goods could withstand long trips; perishables could not |
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Term
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Definition
Economic theorists that stressed governments' promotion of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe
Significance: -idea of sending flow of bullion to Asia was unthinkable
-buying locally and exporting globally seemed to be the best option
Analyze: -believed a state's power depended on monarch's amount of precious metals
-giving money to Asian merchants would empower competing traders, especially the Muslims |
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Term
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Definition
Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located at southern end of Persian Gulf; site for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network
Significance: -located near southern end of Persian Gulf
-wealthy area where trade could take place
Analyze: -site allowed for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network
-specific area known for textiles, carpets, glassware, and horses |
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Term
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Definition
Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on Western India coast; site for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network
Significance: -located on western India coast
-wealthy area where trade could take place
Analyze: -site allowed for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network
-specific area known for cotton textiles, gems, elephants, and salt |
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Term
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Definition
European trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce
Significance: -storage centers for spices and other goods until they were shipped off
-meant to establish Portuguese monopoly control over key Asian products
Analyze: -holding of products ensured Portuguese jurisdiction over trade
-since they held power over the goods, they could sell them at very high prices ($$$) |
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Term
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Definition
Dutch fortress located after 1620 on the island of Java
Significance: -reflected Europe's growing knowledge of Asian geography
-established after Dutch captured Portuguese port at Malacca
Analyze: -new fortress located much closer to sources of key spices, now primarily under control of Dutch |
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Term
page 500
Dutch trading empire |
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Definition
The Dutch system extending into Asia with fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of a limited number of products
Significance: -similar to Portuguese trading empire (towns, factories, warships, and monopoly over select number of products)
-more systematized fashion of trade and products
Analyze: -better armed ships, uprooted plants on lands they did not control, sometimes executed island peoples who cultivated these spices without Dutch supervision
-ultimately realized peaceful trade was key to wealth |
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Term
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Definition
Northern island of Philippines; conquered by Spain during 1560s; site of major Catholic missionary effort
Significance: -set up tribute regimes in small states
-attempted to gain converts one area at a time
Analyze: -divided land areas made conquering and conversion efforts easier |
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Term
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Definition
Southern island of Philippines; a Muslim kingdom that was able to successfully resist Spanish conquest
Significance: -Spanish repeatedly failed to conquer southern island
Analyze: -Muslim leaders were determined to resist Christian interference |
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Term
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Definition
Spanish Jesuit missionary; worked in India in 1540s among the outcaste and lower caste groups; made little headway among elites
Significance: -ministered to low-caste fisher and untouchables; converted tens of thousands
-made little headway among upper castes
Analyze: -ingrained beliefs kept social classes from intermingling |
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Term
page 502
Robert di Nobili
(1577-1656) |
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Definition
Italian Jesuit missionary; worked in India in early 1600s; introduced strategy to convert elites first; strategy later widely adopted by Jesuits in various parts of Asia; eventually failed
Significance: -adopted culture of upper castes to gain favor with them
-despite best efforts, conversion did not unite various social classes
Analyze: -deeply entrenched beliefs kept brahmans from worshipping with low castes and untouchables
-often gave up beliefs entirely |
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Term
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Definition
First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentry
Significance: -rid China of Mongol influences
-revived scholar-gentry and examination system, making the latter even more complex than before
-instituted reforms on power of bureaucratic officials to avoid corruption and imperial plots
-reinstated public works projects (dikes and irrigation)
Analyze: -wanted to ensure bureaucracy contained good, intelligent leaders whom he could trust
-Neo-Confucian revival seemed to be best option for Chinese comeback |
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Term
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Definition
Two ports in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty
Significance: -only areas where Europeans could trade with Ming China
-visible changes in art, merchant classes, and land maintenance occurred
Analyze: -majority of income went towards merchants, which was later distributed amongst the state and scholar-gentry
-surpluses of wealth created patronization for the arts |
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Term
page 508
Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall
(1552-1610; 1591-1666) |
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Definition
Together, Jesuits scholars in court of Ming emperors; skilled science; won few Christianity
Significance: -brilliant scientists who corrected faulty calendars, making cannons, repairing clocks, and impressing scholar-gentry
-only won a few converts among the elite
Analyze: -despite intelligence, the scholar-gentry was suspicious of these "barbarians"
-some officials were insulted by Jesuits' correction
-however, curiosity of Ming emperors allowed some Jesuits to remain |
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Term
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Definition
Last of Ming emperors; committed suicide in 1644 in face of a Jurchen capture of Forbidden City at Beijing.
Significance: -did not realize seriousness of rebel advance until enemy soldiers were scaling walls of Forbidden City
Analyze: -internal rebellions, foreign threats, assaults by nomadic peoples, and bureaucratic disorder were all factors in Chongzhen's blindness to the decline of his empire |
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Term
page 511
Oda Nobunaga
(1534-1582) |
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Definition
Japanese daimyo; first to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed last of Ashikaga shoguns; unified much of central Honshu under his command
Significance: -launched many surprise attacks to conquer enemies
-deposed last of Ashikaga shoguns and unified much of central Honshu
Analyze: -skilled warrior with "ruthless determination"
-armies drove out powerful western daimyo in 1582 |
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Term
page 512
Toyotomi Hideyoshi |
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Definition
General under Nobunaga; succeeded as leading military power in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimyos; constructed a series of alliances that made him military master of Japan in 1590; died in 1598
Significance: -possessed both military prowess and diplomatic skill
-launched two attacks on Korea with initial success
Analyze: -dreamed of ruling China and India and threatened other powers such as Spain (Philippines) |
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Term
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Definition
Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate; established political unity in Japan
Significance: -built powerful domain on Kanto plain
-focused on consolidating power at home and reorganizing daimyo
Analyze: -emerged triumphant from warfare following Hideyoshi's death
-Tokugawas' victory brought end to civil wars and semblance of political unity to islands |
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Term
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Definition
Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of Tokugawa Shogunate
Significance: -imperial city of Tokugawa Shogunate
-later becmae Tokyo, modern capital of Japan
Analyze: -area readily accessible to sea and located in center of Japan |
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Term
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Definition
Island in Nagasaki Bay; only port open to non-Japanese after closure of islands in the 1640s; only Chinese and Dutch ships were permitted to enter
Significance: -exemplified self-imposed isolation of Japan
-kept silver and copper reserves plentiful and prevented Christian ideas from entering the country
Analyze: -growing doubts about European intentions; fear of invasions
-worries about Christianity disrupting Japanese social order, as the religion stressed egalitarianism |
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Term
page 514
School of National Learning |
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Definition
New ideology that laid emphasis on Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Chinese imports such as Confucianism; typical of Japan in 18th century
Significance: -stressed Neo-Confucian belief systems and interest in Japanese history
Analyze: -attempt to put more focus on Japanese culture, though Western ideology later became popular amongst elite |
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