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Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System
The Heart
60
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/10/2011

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Cards

Term
Approximately how many times a day does the heart beat?
Definition
approximately 100,000
Term
How many chambers are there in the heart?
Definition

4 chambers

  • 2 atria
  • 2 ventricles
Term
pulmonary circuit
Definition
carries carbon dioxide rich blood from the heart to the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs and returns oxygen-rich blood to the heart
Term
systemic circuit
Definition
transports oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body's cells, returns carbon dioxide-rich blood back to the heart
Term
arteries
Definition
transport blood away from the heart
Term
veins
Definition
return blood to the heart
Term
capillaries
Definition

are small, thin walled vessels that interconnect the smallest arteries and veins

(called the exchange vessels because they permit exchange of nutrients, dissolved gases, and waste products between the blood and surrounding)

Term
pericardium
Definition
the serous membrane lining
Term
epicardium
Definition
external surface of heart
Term
myocardium
Definition
consists of multiple, interlocking layers of cardiac muscle tissue
Term
endocardium
Definition
inner surface of the heart, simple squamous epithelium
Term
cardiac muscle tissues
Definition
  • organized myofibrils, striations
  • dependent on aerobic respiration to obtain the energy
  • reserves of myoglobin
  • involuntary contraction
Term
fibrous skeleton
Definition
extensive connective tissue network of the heart
Term
What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton?
Definition
  • stabilizing the positions of the muscle cells and valves in the heart
  • providing physical support for the cardiac muscle cells and for the blood vessels and nerves in the myocardium
  • distributing the forces of contraction
  • reinforcing the valves and helping prevent overexpansion of the heart
  • providing elasticity that helps return the heart to its original shape after each contraction
  • physicall isolating the atrial muscle cells from the ventricular muscle cells
Term
superior vena cava
Definition
opens into posterior, superior portion of the right atrium, delivers venous blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and chest
Term
inferior vena cava
Definition
opens into the posterior and inferior portion of the right atrium, delivers venous blood from the rest of the trunk, the viscera, and the lower limbs
Term
interarterial septum
Definition
separates the right and left atria
Term
cusps
Definition
fibrous flaps forming heart valves
Term
right atrioventricular valve
Definition
tricuspid
Term
interventricular septum
Definition
thick muscular partition that separates the 2 ventricles
Term
conus arteriosus
Definition
the superior end of the right ventricle that tapers into a smooth-walled, cone-shaped pouch
Term
pulmonary valve
Definition
found at superior end of right ventricle; semilunar
Term
pulmonary trunk
Definition
blood ejects from the right ventricle passes through the pulmonary valve and starts the pulmonary circuit
Term
Where does the blood flow after the pulmonary trunk?
Definition
into the left and right pulmonary arteries then to the pulmonary capillaries where gas exchange occurs
Term
pulmonary veins
Definition
two veins formed from the pulmonary capillaries that carry oxygen rich blood back to the left atrium
Term
left atrioventricular valve
Definition

bicuspid, mitral

 

Term
Which chamber of the heart has the thickest walls?
Definition
the left ventricle; enables it to develop enough pressure to force blood around the entire systemic circuit
Term
aortic valve
Definition
when blood leaves the left ventricle it passes through the aortic valve into the ascending aorta
Term
stethoscope
Definition
used to listen to the heart sounds
Term
auscultation
Definition
listening for familiar heart sounds with a stethoscope
Term
What produces the first "lubb" of the "lubb-dupp" heart sounds?
Definition
when the AV valves close at the start of the ventricular systole
Term
What produces the second "dupp" sound you hear with a stethoscope?
Definition
when the semilunar valves close at the beginning of the ventricular diastole
Term
What is Erbs point?
Definition
in the 3rd intercostal space where the heart sounds can be heard the best
Term
What is the 3rd heart sound? (rarely heard)
Definition
blood flowing into the ventricles
Term
What is the 4th heart sound? (rarely ever heard)
Definition
atrial contraction
Term
diastolic
Definition
the period when the ventricles are NOT contracting
Term
systolic
Definition
the period when the ventricles are contracting
Term
ductus arteriosus
Definition
when in a newborn, a shunt connects the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch
Term
coronary circulation
Definition
supplies blood to the muscle tissue of the heart
Term
coronary arteries
Definition
originate at the base of the ascending aorta, within the aortic sinus, as the first branches of the ascending aorta
Term
Where is blood pressure higher than anywhere else in the body
Definition
coronary arteries
Term
right coronary artery
Definition
supplies the right atrium, both ventricles and the conduction system
Term
left coronary artery
Definition
supplies the left ventricle, the left atrium, and the interventricular septum
Term
myocardial infarction
Definition
heart attack
Term
coronary bypass
Definition
bypass refer to the number of cornary arteries bypassed in the procedure
Term
What makes up the cardiac cycle?
Definition
the period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next 
Term
pacemaker cells
Definition
the most rapidly depolarizing nodal cells
Term
sinoatrial node (SA node)
Definition
cardiac pacemaker where pacemaker cells are found
Term
nodal cells
Definition
cell membranes spontaneously depolarize to threshold
Term
What is released to lower the heart rate and how does it work?
Definition
ACh is released by parasympathetic neurons which slows the depolarization and lowers the heart rate
Term
What is released to increase the heart rate and how does it work?
Definition
norepinepherine is released by sympathetic neurons which increases the rate of depolarization and therefore the heart rate increases
Term
bradycardia
Definition
slow heart beat
Term
tachycardia
Definition
rapid heart rate
Term
atrioventricular node (AV node)
Definition
electrically connected to the cells of the SA node; sits within the floor of the right atrium near the opening of the coronary sinus
Term
electrocardiogram
Definition

ECG or EKG

records electrical events associated with depolarization and repolarization of the heart

Term
P wave
Definition

accompanies the depolarization of the atria

[image]

Term
QRS complex
Definition

appears as the ventricles depolarize; this signal is relatively strong because the mass of the ventricular muscle is much larger than that of the atria

[image]

Term
T wave
Definition

indicates ventricular repolarization

[image]

Term
cardiac arrhythmias
Definition
abnormal patterns of cardiac activity; ECGs are a useful way of detecting and diagnosing these
Term
premature ventricular contraction (PVC)
Definition
heart polarization is initiated by the ventricles rather than the sinoatrial node
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