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Chapter 2
BioChemistry: The chemical composition of living matter
146
Anatomy
11th Grade
01/16/2009

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Term
Matter
Definition
the "stuff" of the universe, anything that occupies space and has mass (weight).exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous states. may be changed both physically and chemically with some exceptions it can be seen, smeeled, felt. chemistry studies the nature of matter-how they are put together and interact.
Term
Solids
Definition
have definite shape and volume. ex. bones and teeth
Term
Liquids
Definition
definite volume, conform to the shpe of their container. ex. blood
Term
Gases
Definition
neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. ex. the air we breath
Term
Ways of changing matter
Definition
physically and chemically
Term
Physica changes
Definition
dont alter the basic nature of a substance ex. ice melting, cutting foods into smaller pieces
Term
chemical changes
Definition
do alter the compositiong of the substance, often substantially. ex. digesting food
Term
energy
Definition
the ability to do work or to put natter into motion. when energy is actually doing work (moving objects)it is referred to as kinetic. when it is inctuve it is referred to as potential.living things need to grow and function.massless and does not take up space. can only be measured by its effects on matter.
Term
kinetic energy
Definition
active energy. when something is actually doign work
Term
potential energy
Definition
inactive or stored energy
Term
Forms of Energy
Definition
Chemical energy, Electrical energy, mechanical energy, radiant energy
Term
chemical energy
Definition
stores n the bonds of chemical substances, when the bonds are broken, the potential energy stored is unleashed and becomes the kinetic energy. all body activities are "run" by the chemical energy harvested fro the foods we eat
Term
electical energy
Definition
results from the movement of charged particles. generated when charged particles (ions_ move across the cell membranes
Term
mechanical energy
Definition
directly involved in the moving of matter.
Term
Radiant energy
Definition
travels in waves, that is, energy of the electromagnetic spectrun, which includes X rays and infrared, visible light, radio, and ultraviolet waves.
Term
light energy
Definition
stimulates the retinas of your eyes, important in vision
Term
Ultaviolet waves
Definition
stimulates our bodies to make vitamin D
Term
ATP
Definition
adnosine triphospjate. food is trapped in the bonds of these high energy chemicals. ATP's energy may ultimately be transformed into the elctric energy of a nerve impulse or mechanical energy of a shrtenng muscle
Term
What makes us warm blooded ?
Definition
the heat that is liberates in energy conversions in our body
Term
Compositions of matter
Definition
elements and atoms
Term
elements
Definition
all matter is composed of a limited number of elements. unique substances that cannot be broken down in simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods. ex. oxygen, gold, copper, iron. the atomic symbol represents each by the first two letters of the elements name.
Term
how many elements are there?
Definition
112 known with certainty, 113-116 are alleged. 92 occur naturally, the rest are produced artificially in accelerator devices.
Term
What elements make up the body
Definition
96% carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, nd then traces of others are present
Term
periodic table
Definition
odd shaped checkerboard that lists all the elements.
Term
atom
Definition
the building block of an element, the smallest particle that still retains its special properties. the atom of each element differ from those of all other elements (because all elements are unique). the word atom comes from the greek word meaning "incapable of being divided" but we now know that atoms are just clusters of even smaller subatomic particles but then the atom loses the unique properties of its element
Term
atomic symbol
Definition
each element is designated by a one or two letter by this chemical shorthand. in most caes the atomic symbol is the first (or firt two) letters of the elements name. sometimes takenfromt he latin name
Term
subatomic particles
Definition
the elements are composed of different numbers and proportions of three basical subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. they differ in their mass, electrical charge, and location within the atom.
Term
protons
Definition
have a positive charge, heavy (1 atomic mass unit, or 1 amu), p+. all protons are alike
Term
neutrons
Definition
uncharged, or neutral. heavy (1 atomic mass unit, or 1amu), n^0. all neutrons are alike
Term
electons
Definition
tiny, bear a negative charge equal in strength to the pocitibe charge of the protons, but their mass is so small that it is usually designated as 0 amu, e-. all electrons are alike
Term
electric charge
Definition
of a particle is the emasure of tis ability to attract or repel other charges particles. particles with the same type of charge (+ to + or - to -) repel eachother, but particles (+ to -) attact. neutral particles ar neither attracted no repelled by charges particles.
Term
Electrons and protons
Definition
normally equal. atoms that have gained of ost electrons are called ions
Term
planetary model
Definition
of an atom portrays the atom as a miniature solar system. in which the protons and neutrons are clustered at the center of the atom in the atomic nucleus. the tiny electrons orbit around the nucleus in fixed generally circular orbits, like planets around the sun, we can never determine the exact location of an electron at a particular time because they jump around following unknown paths
Term
Atomic nucleus
Definition
protons and nuetrons. the nucleus contains all the heavy particles fo it is fantastically dense and positively charged. the electrons orbit around it
Term
orbitals
Definition
regions around the nucleus in which a given electron or electron pair is LIKELY to be found most of the time. instead of speaking of specific orbits chemist talk of orbitals.
Term
Orbital model
Definition
more modern model of atomic structure. prooved to be more useful in predicting the chemical behavior of atoms. predicts the general location of electrons outside the nucleus as a haze of negative charfe referred to as the electron cloud
Term
electron cloud
Definition
in the orbital model, it is the haze outside the nucleus, egatively charged regioun. regions were electrons are most likely to be found it shaded more densely, rather than by orbital lines
Term
electrons role in bonding
Definition
electrons have the run of nearly the entire volume of the atom ad determine its chemical behavior, (its ability to bond wit other atoms)
Term
hydrogen
Definition
siplest atom, one proton and one electron and no neutrons
Term
what determined the unique properties of elements?
Definition
the different umers of protons, neutrons and electrons. all known atoms could be decribed by adding one proton and oe electron at each step. the number of neutrons s not as easy to pin down. light atoms tend to have equal numbers of protons and neutrons, whereas n larger atoms neutrons outnumber protons. To identify an element is its atomic number, mass number, and atomic weight.
Term
atomic number
Definition
each element has one. equal to the number of protons its atoms contain. the atomic number thus is unique. protons=electrons, so it indirectly also tells us the number of electrons the atom contains
Term
atomic mas number
Definition
sum of the protons and the nuetrons contained in the nucleus (mass of the electrons is small that it is ignored). is writen as a superscript to the left of the atomic symbol
Term
atomic weight
Definition
it is not equal to the atomic mass because there isnt just one atom representing each element.general rule: the atomic wight of any element is approx. equal to the mass number of its most abundant isotope
Term
isotopes
Definition
varieties in atoms of almost all elements exhibit two or more structural variations. isotopes have the same number of protons and electrons bt they vary in the number of neutrons they contain. so isotopes of an element have the same atomic number but have different atomic masses. because isotopes have the same number of electrons their chemical properties are exactly the same.
Term
radioisotopes
Definition
heavier isotopes of certain atoms are unstable and tend to decompose to become more stable. the reason for this is complex, apparently because the "glue" that holds the atomic nuclei together is weaker int eh heavier isotopes. used in minute amounts to tag biological molecules so that they can be followed, or traced, throught the body and are valuabe tools for medical diagnosis and treatment (ex. PET scans,)
Term
radioactivity
Definition
process of spontaneous atomic decay , can be compared to a tiny explosion. radioactive decay involve the ejectrion of particals (alpha or beta particles) or electromagnetic energy (gamma rays) from the atoms nucleus and are damaging to living cells
Term
Alpha emission
Definition
least penerating power
Term

Gamma radiation

Definition
most powerful penetrating power
Term
ionizing radiation
Definition
does not damage the atos in its path directly, instead it sends electrons flying all alongs its path, it is these electrons that do the damage
Term
molecules
Definition
formed when two or more atoms combine chemically. when two or more atoms of that same element bond toegtehr a molecule of that element is produced. (hydrogen bonded to hydrogen =hydrogen gas)
Term
molecular formula
Definition
the atoms taking part in the reaction are indicated by ther atomic symbols, and the compostition fo the product is indicated by a molecular formular that shows its atomic makeup
Term
chemical equation
Definition
shows the the chemical reaction
Term
compound
Definition
the molecule formed when two or more different atoms bind together. have properties different from those of the atoms making them up, would be basically impossible to determine the atoms making up a compound without analyzing it chemically
Term
chemical reactions
Definition
occue whenever atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms. when atoms unite chemically, chemical bonds are formed
Term
chemical bons
Definition
not actualy physical structure, it is an energy that involves interactions between the electrons of the reacting atoms.
Term
electron shells
Definition
aka. energy levels. fixed regions of space around the nucleus that electrons occupy. maximum known number in any atom is 7. numbered 1 to 7 from the nucleus outward. the electrons more closer to the nucleus are more attracted to its positive carge, and the electrons further away are less securely held so they are more likely to interat with other atoms. Shell one- 2 electrons. shell two- 8 electrons, shell three- 18 electrons (gets more and more)
Term
valence shell
Definition
only electrons important when considering bonding behavior are those in this outermost shell, its electrons determine the chemical behavior of the atom. when it has 8 electrons the atom is completely stable and is chemically inactive, when it has less than 8 the atom will tend to gain loose or share electrons to become stable (forming a chemical bond)
Term

rules of 8's

 

Definition
the key to chemical reactivity, atoms interact in such a way that they will have 8 electrons in their valence shell except shell one because it is stable with 2 electrons. atom's outermost electron shell must overlap for their electrons to interact
Term
ionic bonds
Definition
form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another. atoms are lectrically neutral but when they gain or lose electrons during bonding, their positive and negative charges are no longer balanced and charged particles called ions result
Term
ions
Definition
result when atoms (which are electrically neutral) gain or lose electrons during bonding, their positive and negative charges are no longer balanced and charged particles called ions result. when an atom gains an electron it gets a net negative charge because it has more electrons that protons (anion). when an atom loses an electron it becomes a positively charged ion (cation). an ionic bond is formed.
Term

salts

 

Definition
ionic compounds. or many metal elements are found in the body, most plentiful cntaining calcium and phosphorus, found chiefly in bones and teeth. when dissolved in body fluids they seperate into their ions (dissociating) is easy because the ions have already been formed . the polar water molecules pull the ions apart, by orienting themselves (neg side) towards towards the anions. in their ionic form and in combo with other elements are vital to body functioning.they are all electrolytes
Term
covalent bonds
Definition
electron sharing so that each atom is able to fill its valence shell at least part of the time. electrons do not have to be completely lost of gained for atoms to become stable. the shared electron pair orbits the wole molecule and satisfied the stability needs of both atoms.
Term
covalent molecules
Definition
molecules in which atoms share electrons, their bonds are covalent bonds
Term

covakebtly bonded molecules

Definition
in covalent bonds when the electrons have been shared equally. but electrons are not always shared equally. covalent bonds always form definite 3-D shapes (plays a major role in what other molecules it can interat with)
Term
polar molecules
Definition
two charged poled, one pole is slightly more chrged than the other. orient themselve toward other polar molecules or charged particles, play an important role in chemical reactions that occie in body cells. becayuse body tissues are 60 to 80% water (a polar molecule)
Term
hydrogen bons
Definition
extremely weak bonds formd when a hydrogen atom bound to one electron hungry atom, and the atom forms a "bridge" between them. common between water molecules and is reflected inw aters surface tension which causes it to "ball up" (to form pheres) when it sits on a surface and allos some insects to walk on water. important INTRAMOLECULAR BONDS, help to bond different parts f the same molecule tgether into a special 3-D shape. also help to maintain the structure of protein molecules and body building materials
Term

intramolecular bonds

 

Definition
help to bond different parts f the SAME molecule tgether into a special 3-D shape. fragile bonds help to maintain the structure of protein molecules
Term
Patterns of chemical reactions
Definition
chemican rxns make of break bonds btwn atoms but the number of atoms is the same, most chemical rxns have one of the 3 most recognizable patterns: synthesis, decomposition, exchange
Term
synthesis reaction
Definition

occur when two or more atoms or molecules combing to form a larger more complec molecule. A+B -> AB

 always involve bond formation, because energy must be absorbed to make bonds. unlie all anaboic (constructive) activities that occie in body cells. imp for growth anf repair of worn out or damanged tissures

Term

decomposition reactions

 

Definition
occur when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or ions. AB-> A+B. they are synthesis reactions in reverse. bons are always broken and the product of these rxns is smaller and simpler than the original molecules. as bonds are broken chemical energy is released. underlie all catabolic destructive processes that occue in body cells (molecule-degrading rxns) ex. digestion of foods into building blocks
Term

exchange reactions

 

Definition

involve both synthesis and decomposition reactions: bonds are both made and broken. a switch is made btwn molecule parts and different molecules are made. AB+C--> AC+ B and AB+ CD --> AD+CB

occurs when ATP reacts with glucse and transfers its end of phosphate group to glucose forming glucose phoshate while ATP becomes ADP

Term
Two types of chemicals
Definition
organic, or inorganic compounds depending on the presence or absence of carbon. they are both equally inmportant for life
Term
Inorganic compounds
Definition
lack carbon and tend to be small, simple colecules. ex. water, salts, and many acids and bases
Term
organic compounds
Definition
are carbon- containing compounds. ex. carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acics. fairly large covalently bonded molecules
Term
Water Compound
Definition
inorganic, most abundant, 2/3 of the body weight. properties that make it so vital are: high heat capacity, polar/ solvent properties, chemical reactivity, cushioning
Term

high heat capacity

 

Definition
property of water that makes it so vital. it absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before it temperature changes appreciably (preventing sudden changes in body temperature)
Term
polarity/ solvent properties
Definition
because of water's polarity if is a great solvent, also called the "universal solvent"
Term
Solvent
Definition
liquid of gas in which smaller amounts of other substances call solutes can be dissolved or suspended
Term
Solutes
Definition
small amounts can be dissolved or suspended in solvent. it may be gases, liquids, or solids. when the particles are minute it is caled a solution, when the solute particles are fairly large is is called a suspension. colloids- translucent mixtues with solute particles in intermediate size
Term
solution
Definition
when the particles are minute
Term
suspension
Definition
when the solute particles are fairly large
Term
colloid
Definition
translucent mixtues with solute particles in intermediate size
Term

Chemical rxns in water

Definition
salt, acids & bases dissolve easily in water and become easily distributed. molecules cannot react chemically unless they are n solution so virtually all chemical reactions that occur in the body depend upon water's solvent properties. molecules that lubricate the body use water
Term
Chemical reactivity of water
Definition
water is an important REACTANT in some types of chemical reactions. to digest, water molecules are added to the bonds of the larger molecules.
Term
hydrolysis reactions
Definition
to digest foods or break down biological molecules, water molecules are added to the bonds of the larger molecules, this type of reaction recognized the specific role of water
Term
cushioning
Definition
water serves as a protective. ex. cerebrospinal fluid- water forms a cushion around the brain that helps to protect it from physical trauma. The amniotic fluid serves to protect the fetus
Term
dissociating
Definition
when dissolved in body fluids salts easily seperate into their ions, occurs rather easily bc the ions ahve already been formed. the ions just have to be pulled apart by the polar water molecules which put their neg end to the cations and overcome the attraction beteen them
Term
electrolytes
Definition
substances that conduct electrical current in solution. all salts are becasue ionds are charged particles. when the ionic (electrolyte) balance is disturned, virtually nothing in the body workds
Term
Acids and Bases
Definition
electrolytes. ionize and then dissociate into water and can conduct an electrical current
Term
Acids
Definition

substance that can release HYDROGEN IONS (H+) in detectable amounts. defined as proton donors.sour, dissolve metal or "burn" a hole in your rug. when they dissolve in water they release hydrogen ions and some anions (unimp), the release of protons determnes an acids effect on the environment. HCL -> H+ +Cl-.

ones that ionize completely liberating all their protons are called strong acids. Weak acids: acids that ionize incompltely as do acetic and carbond acid

H2CO3 -> H+ +HCO3- + H2CO3

Term
Stong acids
Definition
acds that ionize completely liberating all their protons
Term

weak acids

 

Definition
acids that ionize incompltely as do acetic and carbond acid
Term
Bases
Definition
proton acceptors, bitter taste, feel slippery. hydroxids are common inorganic bases. the hydroxides ionize and dissociate in water, the hydroxyl ion (OH-) and some cations are released. NaOH-> Na+ + OH-
Term
neutalization reaction
Definition
exchange in which an acid and a base interact. HCl +NaOH -> H2O + NaCl
Term
pH units
Definition
relative concentration of hydrogen (and hydoxyl) ion in various body fluids is measured in these units. is based on the number of protons in solution expressed in terms of moles per liter. 0-14. 1 pH unit represents a tenfold exchange in hydrogen ion concentration. pH=7 is the scale midpointhydrogen ions=hydroxyl ions, the solution is neutral. acidic- pH lower than 7. basic-pH higher than 7. humans are sensitive to changes, it is regulated by the kidneys, lungers and chemicals called BUFFERS
Term
buffers
Definition
chemical that with the kidney and lungs regulates pH levels by taking up excess hydrogen or hydroxyl ions. weak bases and acids are important int he buffer system
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
means "hydrated carbon" and in molecular formulas of sugars. classified according to size as momosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharidessugars, starches, contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen in the sme ratio as water. provide a ready, easily used source of food energy for cells, glucose is at the top of the "cellular menu". small amounts of carbs are used for structural purposes and represent 1 to 2% of the cell mass. sme are found in our geners, and others are attached to outer surfaces of cell membrances, where they act as road signs to guide cellular interactions
Term
monosaccharides
Definition
aka simple sugars. single chain or single ring structures containing 3-7 carbon atoms. they are the structural units or building blocks of carbohydrates. most important ones: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose
Term
glucose
Definition
monosaccharide, aka "lood sugar", the universal cellular fuel, at the top of the "cellular menu", when oxidized (combo with oxygen) in a complex set of chemical reactions, it is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. some of the energy released as the glucose bons are broken is trapped in the bonds of high- energy ATP molecules, the energy currency of all body cells. if not immediately needed for ATP synthesis, dietary carbohydrates are converted to glycogen or fat and stored
Term

fructose and galactose

 

Definition
monosaccharide, converted to glucose for use by body cells
Term
ribose and deoxyribose
Definition
monosaccharides, form part of the structure of nucleic acids, another group of organic molecules
Term
disaccharides
Definition
aka.double sugars, formed when two simple sugars are joined by synthesis reaction known as dehydration synthesis. they are too large to pass through cell membranes, so they must be broken down into their monosaccharide units to be absorbed from the digestive tract into the blood, done through hydrolysis.important ones in the diet: sucrose, lactose, maltose.
Term
dehydration synthesis
Definition
synthesis reaction that joins two simple sugars. a water molecule is lost as the bond forms
Term
sucrose
Definition
(glucose-fructose), disaccharide, cane sugar
Term
lactose
Definition
(glucose-galactose) disaccharide, found in milk
Term
maltose
Definition
(glucose-glucose), disaccharide, malt sugar
Term
disaccharides
Definition
literally means "many sugars", are long, branching chains of linked simple sugars. because they are long insoluble molecules they are ideal for storage production. due to their size they lack sweetness of the simple and double sugars. important to the body: starch and glycogen
Term
starch
Definition
storage polysaccharide formed by plants, we injest it in the form of "starchy" foods, such as grain product, and root vegtables (potatoes, carrots), formed of linked glucose units
Term
glycogen
Definition
slightly smaller than starch, but similar, polysaccharide found in animal tissues (esp. muscle and liver) like glucoese it is formed of linked glucose units
Term
lipids
Definition
large and diverse group of organic compounds, enter the bodu in the form of fat-marbled meats, egg yolks, milk products and oils. like carbs, all lipids contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, but in lipids, carbon and hydrogen atoms far outnumber oxygen atoms. most are insoluble in water, but readily dissolve in other lipids and in organic solvents such as alcohol and acetone. most abundant: triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
Term
triglycerides
Definition
aka. neutral fats, are composed of two types of building blocks, fatty acids and glycerol. their synthesis involves the attachment of three fatty acids to a single glycerol molecule. the result is an E- shaped molecule, that resembled the tines of a fork. althought the gycerol backbone is the same in all neutral fats, the fatty acid chains vary, this results in different kinds of neutral fats. they may be solid (typical animal fats) generally saturated, or liquid  (plant oils)generally unsaturated. triglycerides represent the bodies most abundant and concentrated source of usable energy. when they are oxidized, they yield large amounts of energy. they are stored chiefly in fat deposits beneath the skin around body organs, where they help insulate the body and protect deeper body tissues from heat loss and bumps
Term
saturated
Definition
animal fats tend to be saturated fats. all carbons have single bonds
Term
unsaturated
Definition
the carbons of unsaturated fats have some double bonds, and thus have the ability to bind with more hydrogen atoms or atoms of a different type.
Term
phospholipids
Definition
similar to triglycerides. differ in that phosphorus- containing group is always part of the molecule and takes the place of one of the fatty acid chains. thus they have two instead of three attached fatty acids. The head: phosphorus-containing portion bears an electrical charge, gives phospholipids special chemical properties and polarity. the presence of phospholipids in cellular boundaries (membrances) allows cells to be selective about wat may eneter of leave. ex. the charged region attracts and interacts with water and ions, but the fatty acid chains (the tail) do not. 
Term
steriods
Definition
basically flat molecules formed of four interlocking rings thus their structure differs wuite a bit from that of fats. like fats they are made largely of hydrogen and carbon atoms and are fat- soluble. most important one: cholesterol. some is made by the liver , reguardless of dietary intake. it is foud in all cell membrances and it is particularly abundant in the brain. it is the raw material used to form vitamen D, some hormones (sec and cortisol), and bile salts.
Term
cholesterol
Definition
single most important steriod molecule. enters the body in animal products such as meat, eggs, and cheese
Term
atheroscerosis
Definition
the deposite of fatty substances in artery walls. saturated fats, along with cholesterol have been implicated as substances to encourage this and eventual arteriosclerosis. as a result, olive oil and lipid spreads made from polysaturated fats are being promoted as products that arent bad for us
Term
anteriosclerosis
Definition
hardening of the arteries.  saturated fats along with cholesterol, have been implicated as substances that encourage artheroscelerosis and eventually this (anteriosclerosis)
Term
protein
Definition
account for over 50% of the organic matter in the body, have the most varied functions of the organic molecules. some are construction materials, others play vital roles in cell function. like proteins and lipids, all proteins contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in addition to nitrogen and sometimes sulfer atoms as well. their building block is small molecules called amino acids
Term
amino acids
Definition
small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins. about 20 varieties are found in proteins. al have an amine group, that gives them their basic properties and in acid group (COOH) which allows them to act as acids. all are identical except for a single group of atoms called the R- groups. are joined together in chains to form large, complex protein molecules that contain from 50 to thousands of amno acids. because each has distinct propertires, the sequence in which they are bound together produces proteins that vary widely both in structure and function. (20 amino acids can be compared to 20- leter alphabet. letters (amino acids) are used in specific combinations to form words (protein) one letter can form an entirely differnt meaning. literally thoughsands of different protein molecules can be made.
Term
amine group
Definition
gives them their basic propertires, all amino acids have this
Term
acid groups (COOH)
Definition
which all allows amino acids to act as acids
Term
R- group
Definition
single group of atoms. the only thing different between identical amino acids (differences in the R- groups make each amino acid chemically unique)
Term
polypeptides
Definition
amino acid chains containing fewer than 50 amino acids
Term
fibrous and globular proteins
Definition
based on their overall shape and structure, proteins are classed as either fibrous or globular proteins
Term
fibrous proteins
Definition
aka. structural proteins, standlike, appear most often in body structures together and for providing strength in certain body tissues. ex. collagen and keratin
Term
collagen
Definition
fibrous protein, is found in bones, catilage, and tendons, and is the most abundant protein in the body
Term
keratin
Definition
fibrous protein, is the structural protein of hair and nails and the material that makes skin tough
Term
globular proteins
Definition
aka. functional proteins.mobile, generally spherical molecules that play crucial roles n virtualy all biological processes, becuse they do things rather than just form structures. the scope of their activities is remarkable, some anti. some antibodies help to provide immunity, others (hormones) help to regulate growth and development. others called enzymes, are biological catalysts that regulate essentually every chemical reaction that goes on within the body. they are not stable. hydrogen bonds are critically important in maintaining their , but hydrogen bonds are fragile and are eaily broken by heat and excesses of pH. when their 3-D structures are destroyed, the proteins are said to be DENATURED and can no longer perform their physiological roles. their function depends on their specific structure, most impo on the presence of particular collections of atoms called ACTIVE SITES on their surface that "fit" and interact chemically with other molecules of complementary shape and charge. except for enzymes most imp types of functional proteins are described witht he organ sstem or functional process to which they are closely related.
Term
enzymes
Definition
functional proteins that act as biological catalysts (substance that increases te rate of a chemical rxn without becoming part of the product or being changed itself) that regulate essentially every chemical reaction that goes on within the body; they do this by binding to and "holding" the reacting molecules in the proper position for chemical interaction. while the substrates are bound to the enzymes active site, they undergo structural changes that result in a new product. once the reaction has occured, the enzyme releases the product. enzymes are not changed doing their job, so they are reusable and only small amounts of each enzyme are needed by the cells; they are capable of catalyzing millions of rxns each minute. dont just increase the speed of chemical rxns, they also determine just what rxns are possible at a particular time. without, biochemical reactions would occur far too slowly to sustain life. hundreds of different kinds of enzymes, they are specific in their activities, each controlling only one (of few) chemical reactions, and acting only on specific molecules. names according to the specific type of reaction they catalyze. for enzymes that promote blood clottingwhen a blood vessel has been damagesd. many produced in an inactive form and must be activated in some way before they can function. in other cases they  are activated immediately after they have performed their catalytic function
Term
denatured
Definition
the proteins that loose their 3D structure and can no loger proform physiological roles. because their function depends on their specific structure- but more imp on the presence of particular collections of active sites
Term
active sites
Definition
proteins function depends on their specific structure- most imp on the presence of particular collections of atoms called ACTIVE SITES on their surface that "fit" ad interact chemically with other molecules of complementary shape and charge
Term
catalyst
Definition
a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the product or being changed itself
Term
nucleic acids
Definition
they make up the genes, which provide the basic blueprint of life.determine what type of organism you'll be , and direct your growth and development (mostly by dictating protein structure). composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms. the largest biological molecules in the body. built from nucleotides. the two major kinds: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Term
nucleotides
Definition
building blocks to nucleic acid, they are quite complex. each consists of three basic parts: 1)nitrogen-containing base 2) pentose (5 carbon) sugar 3) phosphate group. The bases come in five varieties: adenine (a), guanine (g), cytosine (c), thymine (t) and uracil (u). A and G are large, two ring bases whereas the others are smaller, single ring structures. names according to the base they contain
Term
deoxyribonucleic acid
Definition
(DNA) one of the major kinds of nucleic acid), genetic material found within the cell nucleus. two fundamental roles 1) replicates itself exactly before a cell divides, so that every cell in the body is identical 2) provides the instructions for building every protein int he body. long double chain of nucleotides bases: A,G,C,T and its sugar is deoxyribose. two nucleotide chains are held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases. alternating sugar and phosphate molecules from the "uprights" or backbone. complementary bases C and G and A and T. forms caseike- "double helix" double stranded
Term
deoxyribose
Definition
the sugar in DNA
Term
complementary bases
Definition
A and T. C and G
Term
ribonucleic acid
Definition
(RNA)located outside the nucleus and can be considered "molecular slave" of DNA, because it carries out the orders for protein sythesis issued by DNA. one of major kinds of nucleic acid. joined of nucleotides. single stands. bases: A,G,C, and U (the u replaces the t from DNA) major varieties: messenger, ribosomal, and transfer RNA (each with a specific role in carrying out DNA's instructions for building proteins.
Term
messenger RNA
Definition
carries info for building the protein from the DNA genes to the ribosomes (protein synthesizing sites)
Term
transfer RNA
Definition
ferried amino acids to the ribosomes
Term
ribosomal RNA
Definition
forms part of the ribosomes, where it oversees the translation of the message and the binding together of amino acids to form proteins
Term
Adenosine triphosphate
Definition
ATP, provides a form of chemical energy that is usable by all body cells. without it molecules cannot be made of broken down, cells cannot maintain their boundaries, and all life functions stop. energy released as glucose is catabolized, captured and stored in the bonds of ATP molecules as sall packets of energy. structurally ATP is a modified nucleotide. consists of adenine base, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups which are attached by high energy phosphate bonds. ATP supplies are replenished by oxidation of food fuels
Term
high-energy phosphate bonds
Definition
unique bonds that attach phosphate groups. when ruptured by hydrolysis, energy that can be used immediately by the cell to do work, or power an activity
Term
adenosine diphosphate
Definition
(ADP) accululates cellular energy
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