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Chapter 21
Lymphatic System Exam V
98
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/11/2011

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Term
Lymphatic System: Components
Definition
Lymphatic vessels, lymph
Term
Lymphatic Vessels: Route
Definition
Lymph capillaries to lymphatic collecting vessels (nodes scattered) to lymph trunks to lymph ducts
Term
Lymphatic Vessels: Direction
Definition
One-way system (only toward the heart)
Term
Lymph
Definition
Fluid from loose CT that surrounds tissue.
Term
Lymph: How it exits
Definition
More fluid exits from the arteriole side than leaves from the venule side – lymphatic system returns it to bloodstream
Term
Lymphatic System also returns...
Definition
Plasma protein that leaked out
Term
Lymph Capillaries: Function
Definition
Collect the excess fluid tissue (lymph), drain into lymphatic collecting vessels
Term
Lymph Capillaries: Composition
Definition
Single layer of endothelium, form many minivalves due to overlap of cells- allows fluid to easily enter but not exit.
Term
Lymph Capillaries also let in
Definition
Pathogens, proteins, and cancer cells.
Term
Lymph capillaries: Location
Definition
Located at most places blood capillaries occur EXCEPT bone, teeth, bone marrow, and CNS
Term
Lymph Capillaries: Lacteals
Definition
Are specialized lymphatic capillaries in small intestine which can absorb fat
Term
Lymph Collecting Vessels: Carry fluid...
Definition
from lymph capillaries to nodes
Term
Lymph Collecting Vessels: Composition
Definition
Have same tunics as blood vessels.
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa, Walls are thinner than blood vessels’ walls
Term
Lymph Collecting Vessels: Valve number
Definition
Have MANY valves, more than veins
Term
Lymph Collecting Vessels: Superficial lymph vessels travel...
Definition
with superficial veins
Term
Lymph Collecting Vessels: Deep lymph vessels travel...
Definition
with deep arteries.
Term
Lymph Collecting Vessels: Movement is propelled by...
Definition
Skeletal muscle action, artery pulsations, tunica media, normal movements of trunk and limbs.
Term
Lymph Collecting Vessels: Movement of lymph...
Definition
is sporadic and slow
Term
Lymph Nodes: Function
Definition
Remove pathogens from lymph
Term
Lymph Nodes: Shape
Definition
Bean-shaped, often occur in clusters
Term
Cervical nodes
Definition
Receive lymph from head and neck
Term
Axillary nodes
Definition
Receive lymph from upper limbs
Term
Inguinal nodes
Definition
Receive lymph from lower limbs
Term
Lymph Nodes: Cancerous cells
Definition
If cancerous cells gets into lymphatic system, they can be widely dispersed and tumors can develop at nodes
Term
Lymph nodes are surrounded by...
Definition
Fibrous capsule (dense CT)
Term
Lymph Nodes: Trabeculae
Definition
Extend inward and divide node into compartments
Term
Lymph Nodes: Efferent
Definition
Lymph exits node
Term
Lymph Nodes: Afferent
Definition
Lymph enters node
Term
Lymph Node: Hilum
Definition
Indented region (efferent exit though)
Term
Lymph Nodes: Lymph Sinuses
Definition
Are located between afferent and efferent vessels, macrophages consume foreign particles. (Subcapsular, cortical, and medullary)
Term
Lymph Nodes: Swollen Lymph Nodes
Definition
Occur when pathogen load is high
Term
Lymph Trunks
Definition
Formed by convergence of largest lymphatic collecting vessels, drain large areas of the body.
Term
Lymph Trunks: List
Definition
Lumbar, Intestinal, Bronchomediastinal, Subclavian, Jugular
Term
Lumbar Trunks location
Definition
Sides of aorta in inferior abdomen
Term
Lumbar Trunks: Drain
Definition
Lower limbs, pelvic organs, anterior abdominal wall
Term
Intestinal Trunk: Location
Definition
Posterior abdominal wall
Term
Intestinal Trunk: Drain
Definition
Stomach, intestines, digestive organs
Term
Bronchomediastinal: Location
Definition
Sides of trachea
Term
Bronchomediastinal: Drain
Definition
Thoracic viscera/wall
Term
Subclavian Trunk: Location
Definition
Base of neck
Term
Subclavian: Drain
Definition
Upper Limbs, inferior neck, superior thoracic wall
Term
Jugular Trunk: Location
Definition
Base of jugular veins
Term
Jugular Trunk: Drain
Definition
Head and neck
Term
Lymph Ducts:
Definition
Largest lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.
Term
Thoracic duct: Location
Definition
Runs along vertebral bodies.
Term
Thoracic duct: Route
Definition
Empties into veins at intersection of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins
Term
Thoracic Duct: Joined
Definition
Is sometimes joined by other lymph trunks (left jugular, subclavian, brochomediastinal) – if it is, it drains ¾ of the body (lower half, left side of head, neck, thorax, left upper limb)
Term
Right Lymphatic Duct: Prevalence in people
Definition
Found in 20% of people
Term
Right lymphatic duct: Composition
Definition
Union of right jugular, subclavian, and broncomediastinal trunks
Term
Right lymphatic duct: Drains
Definition
Drains near junction of right internal jugular and subclavian veins (right upper ¼ of the body)
Term
Right lymphatic duct: If not present..
Definition
trunks drain into separate veins
Term
Immune system key components
Definition
Lymphocytes, lymphoid tissue, lymphoid organs.
Term
Immune system: Function
Definition
Fight disease by targeting specific foreign molecules
Term
Antigen
Definition
foreign molecule that induces a response
Term
Lymphocytes: Overview
Definition
WBCs that recognize and attack specific types of foreign molecules
Term
Lymphocytes: 2 main classes
Definition
T cells and B cells
Term
Lymphocytes: Mechanism
Definition
Microorganism penetrates epithelial barriers, attacks underlying CT – is in turn attacked by inflammation, macrophages, and lymphocytes
Term
Lymphocytes: Recirculation
Definition
B and T cells continuously circulate, enter/exit CT, lymph tissue, blood vessels
Term
Lymphocyte activation
Definition
See PPT
Term
Lymphocyte Activation: Dendritic cell
Definition
“presents” antigen to lymphocyte
Term
Lymphocyte Activation: Effector lymphocytes
Definition
short lived; immediately attack pathogen and die
Term
Effector Lymphocytes B cells
Definition
mark antigens for phagocytosis
Term
Effector Lymphocytes T cells
Definition
T cells either directly lyse cell (cytotoxic) or release cytokines (helper), which stimulate production of different cell types
Term
Lymphocyte Activation: Memory lymphocyte
Definition
waits in lymphoid tissue in case antigen comes back later
Term
Lymphoid Tissue: Overview
Definition
Specialized CT that has many lymphocytes
Term
Lymphoid Tissue: Location
Definition
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue): frequently affected mucous membranes located in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
All lymphoid organs except thymus
Term
Lymphoid Tissue: Function
Definition
Main "battleground" for infection, lymphocyte activation site.
Term
Lymphoid Tissue: Composition
Definition
Framework is reticular CT with fibroblasts
Term
Lymphoid Tissue: Lymphoid follicles (nodules)
Definition
clusters of lymphocytes – each comes from a single B cell that rapidly divides (new ones leave to become plasma cells)
Term
Lymphoid Organs: Types
Definition
Primary and secondary
Term
Primary lymphoid organs
Definition
Bone marrow (B cells), thymus (T cells
Term
Secondary lymphoid organs
Definition
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, lymphoid nodules (gather infectious microorganisms)
Term
Primary Lymphoid Organs: Bone Marrow
Definition
Red marrow generates blood cells.
Term
Primary Lymphoid Organs: Bone Marrow B cells
Definition
develop immunocompetence in bone marrow and travel to secondary lymphoid organs (especially nodes)
Term
Primary Lymphoid Organs: Bone Marrow Lymphocytes
Definition
Lymphocytes are fully activated and mature at antigen challenge, mature lymphocytes continuously circulate.
Term
Primary Lymphoid Organs: Thymus location
Definition
Superior to thorax, posterior to sternum
Term
Primary Lymphoid Organs: Thymus Lymphocytes
Definition
Develop into T cells
Term
Primary Lymphoid Organs: Thymus hormones
Definition
Thymic hormones cause T lymphocytes to gain immunocompetence
Term
Primary Lymphoid Organs: Thymus decay
Definition
Atrophies over time.
Term
Primary Lymphoid Organs: Thymus difference from other lymphoid organs
Definition
Does not directly fight antigens, not composed of lymphoid CT
Term
Secondary Lymphoid Organs: Lymph Nodes systems
Definition
Lymphatic and immune systems overlap
Term
Secondary Lymphoid Organs: Lymph Nodes lymphoid tissue
Definition
destroys antigens and activates T and B cells
Term
Secondary Lymphoid Organs: Lymph Nodes lymphocytes
Definition
Lymphocytes stay in cortex (outer region) and medullary cords
Term
Secondary Lymphoid Organs: Spleen size
Definition
Largest lymphoid organ
Term
Secondary Lymphoid Organs: Spleen location
Definition
Left superior quadrant of abdominal cavity, posterior to stomach
Term
Secondary Lymphoid Organs: Spleen function
Definition
Removes antigens and worn out blood cells, stores platelets
Term
Secondary Lymphoid Organs: Tonsils function
Definition
Remove pathogens that enter pharynx by inspiration of air and consumption of food
Term
Secondary Lymphoid Organs: Tonsils, 4 groups
Definition
palatine, lingual, pharyngeal, tubal.
(Palatine are largest and removed in tonsillectomy)
Term
Secondary Lymphoid Organs: Tonsils are the...
Definition
Swellings of mucosal linings of pharynx
Term
Secondary Lymphoid Organs: Aggregated lymphoid nodules
Definition
Clusters of lymphoid follicles in ileum (distal part) of small intestine
Term
Secondary Lymphoid Organs: Appendix
Definition
Offshoot of cecum (1st part) of large intestine
Term
Secondary Lymphoid Organs: Function
Definition
Protect from invading microorganisms and generate a wide variety of memory lymphocytes
Term
Edema
Definition
Blockage of lymphatic vessels causes the body region to swell with excess tissue fluid
Term
Mononucleosis
Definition
Viral disease (fatigue, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes)
Term
Mononucleosis: Epstein-Barr virus
Definition
Attacks B cells
Term
Mononucleosis: Transmission
Definition
Transmitted via saliva, lasts 4-6 weeks
Term
Hodgkin’s disease
Definition
Malignant lymph nodes (fatigue, swollen/painful nodes, fever, night sweats)
Term
Hodgkin’s disease treatment
Definition
Treated with radiation and has high cure rate relative to other cancers
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