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Panic of 93 and its attendant social unrest
Challenges of Populism
Ineffective government |
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| Public outrage against working conditions peaks with the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire in which 146 women are killed! |
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| “Old Stock” Americans often considered Catholic and Jewish newcomers a threat to social stability |
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Urged an application of Christian ethics to social and economic problems.
Many churches empathized with worker’s struggles
Encouraged different Protestant denominations to work together to achieve social justice |
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| Journalists who raised public consciousness of social problems such as business abuses, dangerous working conditions, and miseries of slum life. |
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The Octopus by Frank Norris
The Jungle by Upton Sinclair
The Shame of the Cities by Lincoln Steffens |
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| Frederick Taylor’s Scientific Management |
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assign simple, repetitive tasks to workers
speed up the production process
increase the mechanization of factories |
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The Industrial Workers of the World were considered radical for its day
The IWW recruited industrial workers from all walks of life
Used sit-ins and sit down strikes |
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| National Congress of Mothers – worried about crime and disease and supported kindergartens, foster homes etc nFlorence Kelley fought for women wage earners and decent working conditions nFeminist Alliance criticized New York’s policy of firing teachers who married |
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| American Socialists goals: |
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| the creation of a stronger central government npublic ownership of railroads and utilities neconomic change accomplished through political action |
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| Opponents of Progressivism |
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Protestant fundamentalists such as Billy Sunday (an ex-Cub!) stressed personal salvation rather than social reform
Business leaders attacked muckrakers JD Rockefeller was anti-union and went so far as to use the state militia to shoot striking workers and their families at the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company |
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Staff primarily by middle-class young women
Organized kindergartens, nurseries, taught English classes, cooking, and personal hygiene etc..
Later campaigned for improvements in housing and public health as well as more public parks and laws to protect women and children |
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Reformers met resistance from manufacturers who used child labor, conservatives opposed to government action in family affairs and poor families who needed the extra income
By 1914, every state had a minimum working age law, but enforcement was spotty at best |
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After the US Supreme Court upheld a law regulating the working conditions of women in Muller v. Oregon, 39 states followed suit with laws of their own.
Compared to nations in western Europe, efforts at reform in the US were feeble. Proposals for health insurance and pension programs went nowhere. |
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| John Dewey led the charge! nCompulsory school attendance, kindergartens, age-graded-elementary schools, professional training for teachers, vocational education, PTAs, and school nurses became the norm (except in the South) nJacob Riis was especially enamored with kindergarten |
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Margaret Sanger crusaded for reproductive rights
She infuriated fundamentalists and other conservatives
Indicted for distributing information about contraceptives and fled to Europe (for a while) |
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| Born in Ireland in 1830 nShe became one of America’s greatest social activists, protesting social and industrial conditions from the 1870s through the 1920s. |
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| Efforts were underway to improve rural health and sanitation consolidate one-room schoolhouses under one control extend roads and communications establish agricultural colleges and RFD appears! |
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| Reasons for immigration restriction |
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Racist reasons, distorted views of Darwinism, seeing other races as inferior etc…
Literacy laws were used to exclude some immigrants |
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Social workers saw liquor as cause of crime, poverty and family violence nEmployers saw it as detrimental to the workplace
How did immigrants view this?
The 18th Amendment, passed in 1919, made prohibition the law of the land |
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| Congress, in 1914, passed this law which prohibited the distribution and use of narcotics except for medical purposes |
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| Progressivism…for whites only? |
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The Progressive era was a terrible time for blacks as most people saw racial control necessary for social order
Ida Wells-Barnett fought against lynching, school segregation and agitated for woman suffrage
WEB Du Bois and others organized the Niagara Movement which worked for equality and would later become the NAACP |
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Led by Carrie Chapman Catt, new activist tactics were adopted such as parades, mass meetings and political lobbying
The 19th Amendment, ratified in 1920, would FINALLY give women the right to vote |
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aka the Australian Ballot
Allows for secret voting
And official ballots instead of party ballots |
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| With political parties less able to mobilize voters, there began a steady decrease in voter participation |
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New types of local governments: Commission – in wake of Galveston, TX hurricane of 1900
City Manager |
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| initiative and referendum |
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An initiative allows voters to propose legislation directly to the electorate
The referendum permits voters to approve or reject legislative measures |
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| 17th Amendment and recall |
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17th Amendment allows for direct election of US Senators
A recall allows voters to remove unsatisfactory public officials from office |
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| TR and the modern Presidency |
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TR greatly broadens the use of presidential powers.
No more laid-back, not very interesting Presidents as were seen during the Gilded Age. |
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| TR and the Coal Strike of 1902 |
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| TR announced to stunned mine owners that he would not use the army to crush the strike, but would instead seize control of the mines!!! |
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TR led the charge in conserving our natural resources through efficient and scientific management
Appointed Gifford Pinchot as head of Forest Service |
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TR favored regulating trusts to protect the public interest.
“Bad Trusts” vs “Good Trusts”. He would sue the bad trusts such as JP Morgan’s Northern Securities Company.
He saw the presidency as a mediator between labor and management |
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Was more active than TR in pursuing antitrust program
Set aside more public lands for conservation than Taft
Supported a constitutional amendment setting up an income tax (16th Amendment was ratified in 1913) |
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Unfortunately for Taft, he was no TR.
The GOP splits between the Progressive wing and the Conservative wing and Taft cannot handle the crisis |
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| The old friends become enemies. TR challenges Taft for the Republican nomination for President. When TR is denied the nomination, he and his supporters bolt the GOP and form their own party |
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| New Nationalism vs. New Freedom |
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The 1912 election features a debate between Theodore Roosevelt’s New Freedom and Woodrow Wilson’s New Nationalism.
Wilson wants to break up all trusts. Criticizes TR’s “regulated monopoly” |
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Four major candidates for President: Woodrow Wilson – Democratic ¨William Howard Taft – Republican
Theodore Roosevelt – Progressive (Bull Moose) Eugene V. Debs – Socialist n75% vote progressive and Wilson wins due to GOP split |
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| Wilson’s Progressive Record |
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| Supported the Underwood-Simmons Tariff which is first substantial reduction in tariff since Civil War nFederal Reserve Act sets up 12 regional banks that are supervised by Federal Reserve…..get out your dollars! |
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| Rather than breaking up trusts, Wilson becomes TR-like and supports creation of the Federal Trade Commission which oversees business activity and prevents illegal restrictions on competition. |
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Refused to support women’s right to vote
Formally segregated Washington DC and all federal offices |
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| Keating-Owen and Adamson Acts |
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Keating-Owen prohibited the interstate shipment of products made by child labor
Adamson Act established an eight-hour day for railway workers. |
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| Wilson appointed the first Jew to the Supreme Court and overcame anti-Semitism in making this accomplishment. |
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