Shared Flashcard Set

Details

chapter 2
basic chemistry of anatomy and physiology
40
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/08/2016

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
what type of substances can be dissolved easily? which can not?
Definition
charged and polar substances, such as salt, are readily dissolved. Non polar substances, such as oil, do not dissolve
Term
explain dissociation
Definition
ionic compounds separate in water
cations are attracted to negative ends of water molecules
anions are attracted to positive ends of water molecules
Term
electrolyte
Definition
cations and anions that dissociate in water
* they have the capacity to conduct an electric current (from the flow of charged particles)
Term
anabolism
what does it play a role in?
what does it create?
Definition
all synthesis reactions in body
*growth*maintenance *repair
*ATP,proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
Term
hydrolysis
Definition
decomposition reaction** requires that water be split into two parts and that each part be contributed to one new molecule
Term
catabolism
what does it play a role in?
what does it create?
Definition
all decomposition reactions in body
*digestion *breakdown of fat stores *breakdown of foreign matter
**breaks down complex carbs>>glucose molecules
Term
oxidation
reduction
oxidation/reduction reactions
Definition
oxidation- loss of an electron
reduction- gain of an electron
oxidation-reduction= result from the exchange of electrons between two reactants
Term
three types of energy?
Definition
mechanical- movement
chemical- potential energy in bonds
heat- energy flows between objects of dif temperature
Term
enzymes
Definition
proteins which are catalysts
Term
cofactors
Definition
combine with active site and make non function enzymes functional
Term
coenzymes
Definition
organic cofactors (make non functional enzymes functional)
Term
inorganic substances in humans
Definition
water, oxygen, calcium phosphate (bones), metals (iron in blood)
Term
what properties of water make it useful?
Definition
cohesion- molecules stick together due to polarity
adhesion- water sticks to or attracts other molecules
^^cohesion and adhesion help hold cells together and move fluids through body
high specific heat- stabilizes body temp,water can absorb lots of heat while resisting large temp fluctuations
protection- from friction, also forms fluid cushioning
participates- in chem reactions
serves as mixing medium
Term
what is a colloid
Definition
a mixture (not completely uniform), but the particles are small enough that they remain dispersed and do not settle out *proteins and water form colloids
Term
how is blood a solution, suspension, and colloid?
Definition
it is a solution- contains dissolved nutrients (ex. sugar)
it is a suspension- holding red blood cells (plasma and red blood cells)
it is a colloid- containing proteins
Term
what is the normal pH of blood?
Definition
7.35-7.45
Term
what is acidosis?
Definition
when blood becomes too acidic >> less than 7.35 pH
Term
what is alkalosis?
Definition
when blood becomes too basic>>> greater than 7.45 pH
Term
what is a salt?
Definition
compound that has a cation (other than H+) and an anion (other than OH-)
** formed by the interaction of an acid and a base in which the H+ of the acid is replaced by the positive ions of the base

ex: HCl+NaOH>>>NaCl+H2O
Term
buffers

what are important buffers in living systems?
Definition
chemicals that resist changes in pH when acids and bases are added to a solution.

ex: if an acid is added to a solution the buffer binds to the H+ preventing it from making the solution acidic

** bicarbonate, phosphates, amino acids, proteins

important in respiratory and renal mechanisms
Term
when is O2 and CO2 required?
Definition
O2 is required in the final steps in a series of reactions used to extract energy from food

CO2- produced during the catabolism (decomposition reactions) of organic compounds
Term
what are carbohydrates composed of?
Definition
Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen
Term
monosaccharides
what is the major one
Definition
simple sugars (3-6 carbons)
GLUCOSE is the major sugar in blood
Term
disaccharides
example?
Definition
2 simple sugars bound by DEHYDRATION
(glucose+glucose)=sucrose + water
Term
polysaccharides
examples?
Definition
many monosaccharides bound together to form long chains
ex: glycogen-animal starch (energy storage)
cellulose(structure) and starch (energy storage)- from plants
Term
what are lipids composed of?
insoluble or soluble? why?
Definition
C, H, O and small amounts of other elements such as phosphorus and nitrogen

relatively insoluble (less polar than carbs)
Term
what are the functions of lipids?
Definition
protection
insulation
regulate physiological processes
energy storage
form plasma membranes
Term
what happens to fats ingested by humans
Definition
fats are broken down by hydrolysis reactions in cells to RELEASE ENERGY for use.
excess fat is stored in body for later use
Term
what are the different types of fats?
Definition
TRIGLYCERIDES- 95% of fats (glycerol + 3 fatty acids)
saturated- single covalent bonds btwn carbons (beef, milk)
unsaturated-1+ double covalent bonds (oils)
trans- unsaturated that are chemically altered with H atoms added
Term
what are phospholipids?
why are they important?
Definition
polar at one end>>>hydrophilic
nonpolar at other end>>>hydrophobic

*structural component of cell membranes
Term
eicosanoids
what are they?
3 types
why are they important?
Definition
chemicals derived from fatty acids
-prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes
**important in the response of tissues to injuries
Term
steroids
Definition
cholesterol, bile salts, estrogen, testosterone
Term
why is cholesterol important?
Definition
because other steroids arise from it, and it is important in plasma membranes
Term
fat soluble vitamins
Definition
non-polar molecules essential for many normal body functions

A,D,E,K
Term
proteins

what do they do?
Definition
contain C H O N bound together by covalent bonds and contain some sulfur.

regulate body processes
act as a transportation system
provide protection
help muscles contract
provide structure and energy
Term
amino acids

what forms between them? when?
Definition
building blocks of proteins
peptide bonds form between them during protein synthesis
Term
nucleic acids
composed of?
Definition
C H O N and phosphorus
Term
what are the two types of nucleic acids?
Definition
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- genetic material of cells, DNA copied from one cell generation to the next and it contains info that determines the structure of proteins.

RNA (ribonucleic acid)- structurally similar to dna, plays a role in protein synthesis
Term
what are nucleotides?
what are they composed of?
Definition
basic building blocks that make up DNA and RNA

5 carbon sugar (monosach) + nitrogenous base + phosphate

Deoxyribose, and ribose, are the 5 carbon sugars for each
Term
ATP adenosine triphosphate
Definition
provides energy used in nearly all chemical reactions within cells
"energy currency of cells"
can store and provide energy
Supporting users have an ad free experience!