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Chapter 21 - Blood
Blood
31
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/25/2011

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Term
What are the three classes of blood vessels?
Definition

Arteries - carry blood away from heart

Veins - Carry blood towards heart

Capillaries 

Term
What are the blood vessel tunics?
Definition

Tunica externa – composed of connective tissue

Tunic media – comprised of smooth muscle.

Tunica intima – composed of an endothelium

Term
Arteries vs. Veins
Definition

Artery - narrow lumen, thick wall, tunica media thickest wall, no valves, higher blood pressure, takes blood away from heart. 

Veins - wider lumen, thinner walls than arteries, tunica externa is the thickest wall, valves, lower blood pressure, transports blood away from heart, 

Term
What is unique about the structure of erythrocytes?
Definition
    1. Biconcave disc structure allows respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) to be loaded and unloaded rapidly and efficiently.
    2. Also, their small structure allows them to line up in single file as they pass through vessels.
Term
What is hemoglobin
Definition
Red pigmented protein, contains iron, transports oxygen, found in red blood cells.
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
Red blood cells, lower layer of centrifuged blood, 44% of sample
Term
Buffy Coat
Definition
Composed of leukocytes (white blood cells) and cell fragments called platelets, less than 1% of sample.
Term
Plasma
Definition
straw colored, above buffy coat, 55% of blood.
Term
3 Functions of blood
Definition

Transportation - carry oxygen from lungs to body, carry homones, from endocrine glands

Regulation - Vessels dilate to dissipate excess heat, Ph balance.

Protection - leukocytes gaurd agains infection, antibodies.  

Term
Albumin (plasma protein)
Definition
Regulates water movement between blood and interstitial fluid (blood viscosity), ~58%
Term
Globulins (plasma protein)
Definition

Alpha Globulins trasnport lipids and some metal ions

 

Beta globulins transport iron ions and lipids in bloodstream.

 

Gamma globulins are antibodies that immobilize pathogens. ~37%

 

Term
Fibrinogen (plasma protein)
Definition
Helps with blood clotting, ~4%
Term
Electrolytes (other components in plasma)
Definition
maintain pH balance and regulate osmosis, ~1%
Term
What is the water content of plasma?
Definition
Water is 92% of plasma
Term
Hematocrit
Definition

The % of the volume of all formed elements in one's blood.

 It varies in females from 38% - 46% and between 42% - 56% in males

Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
Lack nuclei and other organelles, carries oxygen and and carbon dioxide.
Term
Hemoglobin
Definition

red pigmented protein, transports oxygen.

Consists of 4 polypeptide chains called globins

- 2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains

Each chain contains a heme group in its center with an iron ion. Oxygen binds to the iron ion for transport in the blood. Capable of binding 4 oxygen molecules.

Term
Erythrocyte Life Cycle
Definition

Formed in red bone marrow

Live about 120 days

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver and spleen by macrophages or components are recycled.

Hemoglobin is converted into green pigment = biliverdin

Biliverdin converts to bilirubin, which is a part of bile.

Iron ion is stored in liver

Other components broken down to be used for new erythrocytes.

Term
Blood Types
Definition

A - surface antigen A, anti B

B - surface antigen B, anti A

O - has no surface antigen, anti A and B antibodies 

AB - surface antigen A and B, antibodies 

 

Term
Agglutination
Definition
When antibodies of the plasma bind to surface antigens of the transfused erythrocytes and clump together.
Term
Hemolysis
Definition
When agglutinated erythrocytes rupture.
Term
Erythropoiesis
Definition

Erythrocyte production

Stimulus: hypoxia, decreased O2 levels

Kidney (and liver) release erythropoietin

Erythropoietin stimulates reb bone marrow

RBC count increases

Increased O2 carrying ability

Term
Leukocytes
Definition

Immune response

Larger than erythrocyte

Capable of leaving blood vessels and entering tissue

Term
Diapedesis
Definition
Leukocytes squeeze between edothelial cells of the blood vessel wall and enter the tissue.
Term
Chemotaxis
Definition
Leukocytes are attracted to the site of infection by molecules released by damaged cells, dead cells or invading pathogens.
Term
Granulocytes
Definition

Neutrophils - phagocytize bacteria, release enzymes that target pathogens

Eosinophils - phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens

Basophils - release histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant) during inflammatory reactions

Term
Agranulocytes
Definition

Lymphocytes - produce antibodies, attack pathogens and infected cells

Monocytes - can exit blood vessels and become macrophages 

Term
Platlets
Definition

Formed in bone marrow by cells called Megakarocytes.

Force of blood pressure sloughs off chucks of megakarocytes.  

Term
Hemocytoblast
Definition
Stem cells in leukocyte formation.
Term
-poesis
Definition

Hemopoeisis - of formed elements

Erthyropoeisis - production of erythrocytes

Thrombopoiesis - produciton of platlets

Leukopoeisis - Production of leukocytes

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