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Chapter 20
Test 2
206
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/10/2013

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Term
What is respiration?
Definition
Defined as the exchange of gases between the atmosphere, lungs, blood and tissue.
Term
What are the 3 basic components of respiration?
Definition
1.)Pulmonary Ventilation
2.)External Respiration
3.)Internal Respiration
Term
What is Pulmonary Ventinlation?
Definition
Moving air into and out of the respiratory tract.

Inhalation and exhalation: the exchange between the atmosphere and the lungs.

BREATHING
Term
What is External Respiration?
Definition
The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood. Oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood while carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the lungs.
Term
What is Internal respiration?
Definition
The exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues. Oxygen moves from blood to tissues and carbon dioxide moves from the tissues to blood.
Term
What are the 5 fxn of the respiratory system?
Definition
1.)Provide extensive surface for gas exchange
2.)Moving air to and from the exchange surfaces of lungs
3.)Protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temp change, other environmental variations and defending the respiratory system and other tissues from pathogens.
4.)Producing the sounds involved in speaking, singing and other kinds of communication.
5.) facilitating the detection of olfactory stimuli by olfactory receptors in the superior portions of the nasal cavity.
Term
What are the two divisions of the respiratory system?
Definition
1.)upper 2.)lower
Term
What is the upper respiratory system?
Definition
Filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air which protects internal surfaces of the lower, and reabsorbs heat/water from outgoing air.

INCLUDES: Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx.
Term
What is the lower respiratory system?
Definition
Conducts air to and from the gas exchange surfaces and includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.
Term
All of the upper and most of the lower respiratory systems make up what?
Definition
The conducting zone.
Term
What is the conducting zone used for?
Definition
Transporting air ONLY.
Term
The LAST part of the lower respiratory tract is designed for gas exchanged as is called what?
Definition
The respiratory zone.
Term
What does the respiratory zone include?
Definition
Respiratory bronchioles and their alveoli.
Term
What is the nose considered?
Definition
The primary passageway for air entering the respiratory pathway when you are resting and breathing quietly.
Term
What forms the bridge of the nose and what supports it?
Definition
The two nasal bones and the anterior portions of the nasal septum and the nasal cartilages.
Term
What makes up the nasal septum?
Definition
The vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
Term
What kind of cartilage makes up the nasal cartilage?
Definition
Hyaline cartilage. Keep nares open.
Term
What are your external nares?
Definition
Your nostrils
Term
What is the nasal cavity? What is it lined with?
Definition
The space between your external nares and the internal nares at the back of the nasal cavity. Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Term
What is the nasal vestibule?
Definition
The space contained within the flexible tissues of the nose.
Term
What is the nasal vestibule filled with?
Definition
Course hairs called vibrissae. They trap large airborne particles preventing them from entering the nasal cavity.
Term
What is the cribiform plate?
Definition
Forms the roof of the nasal cavity.
Term
The tiny holes in the cribiform plate allow the ______ _____ to extend their neural fibers down. What does this allow?
Definition
olfactory bulbs. allows us to be able to smell.
Term
What is the hard palate? What bones form it?
Definition
Forms the anterior portion of the floor of the nasal cavity. Formed by the palatine process of the maxillae and the palatine bones.
Term
What is the soft palate?
Definition
A membraneous muscular flap with attached reticular tissue called the uvula.
Term
What happens to the soft palate when you swallow?
Definition
They flex upward to block the nasal cavity
Term
What are the concha?
Definition
Bony ridges that project towards the nasal septum from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
Term
What are the 3 conchae?
Definition
1.)Superior
2.)Inferior
3.)Middle
Term
What is the function of the conchae?
Definition
They cause turbulence to help swirl air so that airborne particulate will bump into the mucus lined walls.
Term
What is a meatus?
Definition
Superior, inferior and middle CANALS.
Term
What are the internal nares?
Definition
They distinguish the end of the nasal cavity and the beginning of the pharynx.
Term
What is the nasal cavity lined with? What does it secrete?
Definition
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Secretes antimicrobial substances such as defensins and lysozymes.
Term
What are the paranasal sinuses?
Definition
The maxilla, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones have sinuses. The mucuous secretions produced in them, aided by tears drained through the nasolacrimal ducts, keep the surfaces of the nasal cavity clean
Term
What is the pharynx?
Definition
A chamber, the throat, that is shared by both the respiratory and digestive tracts.
Term
What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?
Definition
1.)Nasopharynx
2.)Oropharynx
3.)Larynopharynx
Term
What is the nasopharynx?
Definition
The superior portion of the pharynx located between the soft palate and the internal nares lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Houses the pharyngeal tonsils
Term
What is the oropharynx?
Definition
Extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the hyoid bone. Lined with stratified squamous epithelium which accomodates the movement of food through the region. Houses palatine tonsils, fauces and lingual tonsils.
Term
What is the laryngopharynx?
Definition
Between the hyoid bone, the larynx and the entrance to the esophagus. Lined with stratified squamous epithelium.
Term
What is the larynx?
Definition
More commonly: The voicebox. A cartilagenous structure that surrounds and protects the glottis. Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Term
What is the glottis?
Definition
The narrow opening by which air enters the larynx by.
Term
What is the epiglottis?
Definition
A piece of elastic cartilage that covers the glottis during swallowing so food cannot enter the respiratory pathways
Term
What is thyroid cartilage?
Definition
A large single piece of hyaline cartilage that forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx. The prominent anterior surface forms the adams apple.
Term
The superior portion of the thyroid cartilage that is connected to the hyoid bone is called what?
Definition
The Thyrohyoid cartilage.
Term
What is cricoid cartilage?
Definition
A single piece of hyaline cartilage that provides major support.
Term
What two pieces of cartilage protect the glottis and entrance to the trachea?
Definition
Cricoid and thyroid
Term
What is arytenoid cartilage?
Definition
Two small pieces of hyaline cartilage which meet with the superior surface of the cricoid cartilage and help anchor the vocal cords.
Term
What is cuneiform cartilage?
Definition
Two long, curved pieces of hyaline cartilage that lie within the folds of tissues that extend between the lateral surface of each ayrtenoid cartilage and the epiglottis.
Term
What is corniculate cartilage?
Definition
Two small pieces of hyaline cartilage that meets with the ayrtenoid cartilage that helps with the opening and closing of the glottis.
Term
What are vestibular and vocal ligaments?
Definition
Bands of connective tissue that extend between the thyroid cartilage and arytenoid cartilage.
Term
What are vocal folds?
Definition
They house the vocal ligaments and lie inferior to the vestibular folds.
Term
When air passes over the vocal folds, they vibrate and make sound. Are these false or true vocal cords?
Definition
True.
Term
What are vestibular folds?
Definition
House inelastic pair of vestibular ligaments that are NOT associated with sound production. They prevent foreign objects from entering the glottis. FALSE VOCAL CORDS
Term
What is the trachea? Where does it conduct air?
Definition
Common known as the windpipe. Towards the lungs.
Term
What are the 3 layers of the trachea?
Definition
1.)Mucosa
2.)Submucosa
3.)Adventitia
Term
What lines the mucosa layer?
Definition
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Has goblet cells and cilia.
Term
What is the submucosa layer
Definition
Connective tissue region underlying the mucosa layer that has exocrine glands that secrete mucus and blood vessels.
Term
What is the adventitia?
Definition
Connective tissue layer that anchors the trachea to the surrounding tissues and helps prevent its overexpansion.
Term
How many tracheal cartilages are there? What is their shape? What kind of cartilage are they made of? What is their fxn?
Definition
15-20. C shaped. Hyaline. Stiffen the trachea, prevent collapse or overexpansion.
Term
What is the trachealis muscle made of? What happens when it is contracted?
Definition
smooth muscle. reduces the diameter of the trachea which increases resistance to air flow.
Term
What is the site of carina?
Definition
A triangular piece of cartilage that helps to support the branching of the trachea to form the primary bronchi.
Term
What is the bronchial tree?
Definition
The highly branching pattern of the bronchi and bronchioles as they approach and travel through the lungs.
Term
What is the primary bronchi?
Definition
The trachea branches to form a right and a left primary bronchus. The R transports air to and from the R lung and the L to and from the L lung.
Term
What is the secondary bronchi?
Definition
The right primary bronchus branches to form 3 secondary bronchi while the L branches to form 2.
Term
What is the tertiary bronchi?
Definition
Each secondary bronchus branches to form the tertiary bronchi. The cartilage begins to shrunk forming cartilage plates rather than C shaped rings.
Term
Each tertiary bronchus delivers air to a singe ________ ______ and branches repeatedly to give rise to microscopic passageways called _______.
Definition
bronchopulmonary segment/bronchioles
Term
What are the terminal bronchioles?
Definition
The LAST branch of the conducting zone and supply a SINGLE PULMONARY LOBULE.
Term
What are respiratory bronchioles?
Definition
The FIRST branch of the respiratory zone and terminate into tiny alveoli.
Term
What do respiratory bronchioles open up to?
Definition
Alveolar ducts.
Term
Alvelolar ducts connect to form...
Definition
alveloar sacs
Term
What are the lungs?
Definition
Paired organs of the thoracic cavity composed of 150 million alveoli each giving lungs a spongy appearance and texture.
Term
The apex of the lung is the ____ and the base is the _____.
Definition
top/bottom
Term
The right lung has how many lobes?
Definition
3. Superior, middle and inferior.
Term
Which fissure separeates which lobes?
Definition
The horizontal - superior and middle
The oblique - middle from inferior
Term
The left lung has how many lobes?
Definition
2. Superior and inferior.
Term
Which fissure separates which lobes?
Definition
The oblique fissure separates the inferior form the superior.
Term
The left lung also has a ______ ____ which allows the heart to tilt to the left of the midline.
Definition
Cardiac notch
Term
What is the pulmonary hilum?
Definition
An indentation in each lunch which allows for the passage of the primary bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics in and out of the lungs.
Term
What is the root of the lungs?
Definition
A meshwork of dense connective tissue that fixes the position of the bronchi, major nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic within the pulmonary hilum.
Term
What color are the pulmonary arteries and where do they exit to? What do they carry?
Definition
Blue and right atrium of the heart. Deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Term
What color are the pulmonary veins and where do they exit?
Definition
Red and leave the lungs. Carry oxygenated blood to the heart.
Term
What are the 3 pulmonary surfaces?
Definition
1.)Costal - faces the rib cage
2.)Medistinal - faces the mediastinum
3.)Diaphragmatic - faces the diaphragm
Term
What are the 3 pleura membranes?
Definition
1.)Parietal - interior of throracic cavity
2.)Visceral - external surface of the lungs
3.)Pleural Cavity/Fluid - space between the parietal and visceral pleura. Fluid reduces friction.
Term
What is alveolar epithelium?
Definition
Primarily simple squamous epithelium.
Term
What are Type I pneumocytes?
Definition
Simple squamous cells that form the wall of each alveolus.
Term
What are Type II pnuemocytes?
Definition
Simple cuboidal cells scattered among the squamous cells. Produce surfactant - an oily secretion that disrupts surface tension and prevents the collapse of the alveoli.
Term
What is a collapsed lung called?
Definition
Atelectasis.
Term
What are alveolar macrophages?
Definition
Patrols the epithelial surface and phagocytizes bullshit. MALT TISSUE
Term
What are pulomary capillaries?
Definition
Dilate when alveolar oxygen levels are high, and constrict when they are low. This directs blood flow to the alveoli containing the most oxygen.
Term
What is the respiratory membrane?
Definition
The simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli plus simple squamous of the pulmonary capillaries plus the basal lamina connecting the two.
Term
What happens in the respiratory membrane?
Definition
Diffusion across the membrane occurs very rapidly because the distance is so short and both oxy and CO are lipid soluble.
Term
What is the total distance separating alveolar air from blood?
Definition
0.1-0.1 micrometers
Term
What does the respiratory membrane from?
Definition
Air-blood barrier.
Term
What is pulmonary ventilation driven by?
Definition
Pressure changes within the pleural cavities.
Term
What is atmospheric pressure?
Definition
The force exerted by the mixture of air surrounding the body. 760 mm/hg
Term
What is alveolar pressure?
Definition
AKA intrapulmonary pressure. The force exerted by the air within the alveoli of the lungs. This pressure rises and falls as the phases of breathing progress.
Term
What is intrapleural pressure?
Definition
The pressure within the pleural cavities. Always 4 mm/hg lower than the alveolar pressure so that alveoli will be able to inflate.
Term
IF the pressure in the pleural cavity rises it causes...
Definition
pneumothorax which can result in atelectasis.
Term
What is Boyle's Law?
Definition
Volume is inversely proportional to pressure. As volume increases, pressure decreases and vice versa.
Term
If you reduce the volume of the thoracic cavity by half, the pressure within the thoracic cavity will ______.
Definition
Double
Term
If you double the volume of the thoracic cavity, pressure will decrease by _____.
Definition
1/2
Term
What do inspiratory muscles control?
Definition
inhalation
Term
What are the primary inspiratory muscles?
Definition
1.)External intercostal muscles
2.)diaphragm
Term
The external intercostal muscles _____ the ribs which contributes to 25% of the volume of the lungs at rest.
Definition
Raise
Term
Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the floor of the ______ ______ which is responsible for 75% of the air movement in normal breathing at rest.
Definition
Thoracic cavity
Term
What do expiratory muscles control?
Definition
Exhalation
Term
What are the accessory expiratory muscles?
Definition
Internal intercostals, transverse thoracis muscles, external oblique, rectus abdominus, internal oblique
Term
Is exhalation a passive or active activity?
Definition
Passive. Elastic forces and gravity are sufficient enough to reduce the volume or the lungs.
Term
Air flows from an area of ____ pressure to an area of _____ pressure.
Definition
higher/lower
Term
During inspiration, what happens to the diaphragm and alveolar pressure?
Definition
Diaphragm - contracts and moves downwards which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.

Alveolar pressure - decreases to 758 mm /hg which causes atmospheric air to be sucked into lungs
Term
During exhalation, what happens to the diaphragm and alveolar pressure?
Definition
Diaphragm - relaxes and moves upwards which decreases volume of the thoracic cavity.

Alveolar pressure - increases 762 mm/hg which causes air to be squeeze out of lungs and into air
Term
Does a pressure differential of 0 mm/hg exist?
Definition
yes
Term
Positive areolar pressure will push air _____ of the lungs.
Definition
out
Term
Negative alveolar pressure will push air ______ the lungs
Definition
into
Term
What 4 different ways are used to record pressure?
Definition
MM/HG - 760 @ sea level
Torr - 1 Torr = 1 mm/hg
cmH20 - 1 cmH20 = 0.735 mm/hg
1033.6 cmH20 = atmospheric
PSI - 15 PSI = atmospheric
Term
What are 3 factors affecting pulmonary ventilation?
Definition
1.)compliance
2.)resistance
3.)surface tension
Term
What is compliance?
Definition
An indication of their expandibility or stretch.
Term
The greater the compliance, the lower the _____ in the walls of the lungs at a given volume which makes it much easier for air to flow along the conducting passageways.
Definition
Lower
Term
What is resistance?
Definition
An indication of how much force is required to inflate and deflate the lungs.
Term
At rest, the muscular activity involved in pulmonary ventilation accounts for ____% of the resting energy demand.
Definition
3-5
Term
The higher the resistance, the ____ it is to force air along the conducting passages.
Definition
harder
Term
The lower the resistance, the ____ it is to force air along the conducting passages.
Definition
easier.
Term
What is surface tension?
Definition
The liquid keeping the respiratory membrane moist. Primarily composed of water molecules and has the ability to form hydrogen bonds.
Term
What chemical helps reduce surface tension so that the lungs do not collapse on themselves?
Definition
Surfactant
Term
What is Tidal Volume?
Definition
The amount of air moved into the lungs during inhalation and out of the lungs during exhalation. 500 mL.
Term
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume?
Definition
The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation. Range from 1900-3300 mL
Term
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume?
Definition
The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal volume. Range from 700-1000 mL
Term
What is Residual Volume?
Definition
The amount of air that remains in your lungs even after forcible exhalation. 1100-1200 mL
Term
What is minimal volume?
Definition
A component of the residual volume. The amount of air that would remain in your lungs if they were allowed to collapse. 30-120 mL
Term
What is Total Lung Capacity?
Definition
The volume of your lungs, the sum of all four respiratory volumes. IRV+TV+ERV+RV
Term
What is Vital Capacity?
Definition
The max amount of air that you can move into or out of your lungs in a single respiratory cycle. IRV+TV+ERV. Male = 4000-4800 mL Female = 3000-4000 mL
Term
What is Inspiratory Capacity?
Definition
Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration. IRV+TV. 2400-3800 mL
Term
What is Functional Residual Capacity?
Definition
The amount of air remaining in your lungs after you have completed a quiet respiratory cycle. ERV+RV 1800-2200 mL
Term
What is the respiratory rate? (F)
Definition
The # of breaths you take each minute. Resting adult = 12-18 Resting child = 18-20
Term
What is the Respiratory Minute Volume? (VE)
Definition
The amount of air moved each minute. Multiply the number of breaths per minute (f) times the tidal volume (tv). So if F=12 and TV =500mL then VE=12x500= 6,000 mL
Term
What is the alveolar ventilation?
Definition
The amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute.
Term
The air that does not reach the alveoli is said to remain in what area?
Definition
Anatomical Dead Space. Accounts for 150 mL of the 500 mL of tidal air.
Term
How is alveolar ventilation calculated?
Definition
F x (TV - DV)

12 x (500mL - 150mL) = 4,200 mL
Term
If the respiratory rate jumps to 20, and TV drops to 300 the respiratory minute volume will remain unchanged but the alveolar ventilation ______ and widespread _____ can occur.
Definition
drops. hypoxia
Term
What does gas diffusion depend on?
Definition
Partial pressures and solubility of gas.
Term
What is partial pressure?
Definition
Pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gasses. Represented as PO2 or PCO2
Term
What is boyle's law?
Definition
As gas volume increases, pressure decreases.
Term
What is Henry's Law?
Definition
At a given temp, the amount of a particular gas in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of a gas.
Term
So, what is henry's law according to GAS
Definition
As conc. of gas increases, its partial pressure increases.
Term
What is Dalton's Law
Definition
The sum of all partial pressures equals the total pressure exerted by a gas mixture
Term
During external respiration, what happens to partial pressure, oxygen, CO2, lungs, and blood?
Definition
In lungs, PO2 is HIGH and PCO2 is LOW.
In blood, PO2 is LOW and PCO2 is HIGH.

Therefor, oxygen is forced into the blood from the lungs and carbon dioxide is forced from the blood into the lungs.
Term
During internal respiration, what happens to partial pressure, oxygen, CO2, tissues, and blood?
Definition
In blood, PO2 is HIGH and PCO2 is LOW
In tissues, PO2 is LOW and PCO2 is HIGH

Therefor, oxygen is forced out of the blood and into the tissues while carbon dioxide is forced from the tissues into the blood.
Term
What accounts for 98-99% of oxygen transport?
Definition
RBC/Oxyhemoglobin
Term
Where is the remaining 1-2% of oxygen dissolved?
Definition
The blood plasma
Term
What are the several factors that effects the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin?
Definition
PO2
PCO2
pH
Temperature
Term
How does PO2 affect hemoglobin saturation?
Definition
As the partial pressure of oxygen increases, hemoglobin saturation increases
Term
How does PCO2 affect hemoglobin saturation?
Definition
As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases, the percent of hemoglobin saturation decreases.
Term
How does pH affect hemoglobin saturation?
Definition
As pH decreases (more acidic), hemoglobin saturation decreases. BOHR EFFECT
Term
How does temperature affect hemoglobin saturation?
Definition
As temp increases, hemoglobin saturation decreases.
Term
Oxygen ____ binds to hemoglobin.
Definition
Reversibly
Term
The affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin changes in the lungs to ______ _____ _____ ________ onto hemoglobin while the tissues stimulate the ______ ___ _____ from the hemoglobin so that it can diffuse from the blood and out to the tissues.
Definition
stimulate the loading of oxygen

unloading of oxygen
Term
During internal respiration, does oxygen's affinity for hemoglobin increase or decrease?
Definition
Increase
Term
During external respiration, does oxygen's affinity for hemoglobin increase or decrease?
Definition
Decrease
Term
What happens to 93% of Carbon Dioxide that enters the blood from the tissues?
Definition
Diffuses into RBC
Term
What percentage of this binds to the amino acids in hemoglobin and makes carbaminohemoglobin?
Definition
23%
Term
What happens to the remaining 70% of CO2?
Definition
Converted to carbonic acid by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
Term
What happens to CO2 once it is converted to carbonic acid?
Definition
Immediately dissociates into a hydrogen ion (H+) and a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-).
Term
The bicarbonate then diffuses out of the RBC and into the blood plasma with the aid of a countertransport mechanism that exchanges intracellular bicarbonate ions for extracellular chloride ions. What is this process called?
Definition
Chloride shift
Term
What percentage of carbon dioxide is dissolved in blood plasma?
Definition
7%
Term
What does the control of respiration involve?
Definition
The brain stem, higher brain centers, barrorecptors, chemorecptors, and stretch receptors.
Term
Where are respiratory rhythmic centers located and what do they do?
Definition
The medulla oblongata and serve as the pacemaker to establish the basic pace of breathing.
Term
What is the dorsal respiratory group?
Definition
Contains the neurons that control lower motor neurons innervating the primary inspiratory muscles (diaphragm). Functions in EVERY respiratory cycle and is therefor called the PACEMAKER
Term
What is the ventral respiratory group?
Definition
has inspiratory and expiratory centers that function only when ventilation demands increase and accessory respiratory muscles are needed.
Term
Where are the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers located and what do they do?
Definition
Located within the pons. Paired nuclei that adjust the output of the respiratory rhythmic centers.
Term
What are the apneustic centers?
Definition
Promotes inhalation by stimulating DRG. During forced breathing, the apneustic centers adjust the degree of stimulation in response to sensory information from that vagus nerve.
Term
What are the pneumotaxic centers?
Definition
Inhibit the apneustic centers and thereby promote passive or active inhalation
Term
What are the higher brain centers and what do they do?
Definition
Cerebral cortex, limbic system and hypothalamus. They alter the activity of the pneumotaxic centers but essential normal respiratory continue even if the brain stem superior to the pons has been severely damaged
Term
What are chemoreceptors sensitive to? What do they do?
Definition
pH, PO2, PCO2 of the blood or cerebrospinal fluid. Alter the activities of the respiratory centers
Term
Where are the barrorecptors and what are the sensitive to? What do they do?
Definition
Aortic arch and carotid sinuses. They are sensitive to changes in blood pressure and alter activities of the respiratory centers.
Term
What do stretch receptors respond to/do?
Definition
Respond to stretch in the lungs and are responsible for inflation or deflation reflexes
Term
When are protective reflexes triggered and where?
Definition
With an irritating physical or chemical stimuli are present within the nasal cavity, larynx, or bronchial tree. Initiates coughing, sneezing
Term
What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases?
Definition
A general term indicating a progressive disorder of the air ways that restricts air flow and reduces alveolar ventilation
Term
What is asthma?
Definition
Respiratory passages are extremely sensitive to irritants resulting in constriction of the airways, inflammation and edema within the mucosa of the passageways, and accelerated mucus production. Caused by allergies, toxins or exercise.
Term
What is chronic bronchitis?
Definition
A long-term inflammation and swelling of the bronchial lining, leading to overproduction of mucus secretions. The characteristic sign is frequent coughing with copious mucus production.
Term
What is chronic bronchitis related to?
Definition
Cigarettes but also environmental influences.
Term
What is a blue bloater?
Definition
A result from the edema from heart failure and skin turning blue.
Term
What is emphysema?
Definition
Chronic, progressive condidition. Shortness of breath and an inability to tolerate physical exertion. Underlying issue is destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
Term
What results from emphysema?
Definition
The affected breathes more rapidly to maintain normal oxygenation. Described as pink puffers
Term
What is laryngitis?
Definition
Inflammation of the vocal cords
Term
What is cystic fibrosis?
Definition
Most common/lethal disorder inherited among Northern Euro descent. Causes increased mucus production in lungs and digestive tract. The mucus inhibits oxygen exchange and clogs respiratory passages. 1 in 2500 births
Term
What is Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome?
Definition
Inadequate surfactant production in newborns or premies. Leads to alveolar collapse
Term
What is Pneumothorax?
Definition
Air w/in the intrapleural space resulting in an increased pressure on the outer surface of the lungs which can cause the lung to collapse
Term
What is ateletasis?
Definition
Collapsed lung
Term
What is Pleurisy?
Definition
Inflammation of the pleural cavities
Term
What is Apnea?
Definition
A period in which respiration is suspended. Can be associated with sleep. Also occurs as a reflex shortly before a sneeze or cough
Term
What is dyspnea?
Definition
Difficult/labored breathing
Term
What is hypoxia?
Definition
Inadequate oxygen delivery to the tissues
Term
What is hypoxemic hypoxia?
Definition
Not enough oxygen in blood due to low oxy concen. within air or due to reduced respiratory minute volume. Being in high altitudes
Term
What is anemic hypoxia?
Definition
Not enough oxygen in blood due to low RBC levels or due to inability of hemoglobin to bind to oxygen. Carbon monoxide
Term
What is ischemic hypoxia?
Definition
Adequate oxygen but it is not reaching the tissues due to reduced blood flow in that area. Heart failur
Term
What is histotoxic hypoxia?
Definition
Quantity of oxygen reaching the cells is normal, but the cells are unable to use the oxygen effectively due to diable oxidative phosphorylation enzymes. Cyanide poisioning.
Term
What percentage of new cancer cases in men and women does lung cancer account for?
Definition
12.6
Term
Does lung cancer kill more people than colon, breast, and prostate cancer combined?
Definition
yes
Term
Over ____ of patients diagnosed with lung cancer will die within a year.
Definition
50
Term
85-90% of all cases of lung cancer are the direct result of what?
Definition
cigarette smoking
Term
What is dysplasia?
Definition
Cells are damaged and their functional characteristics change.
Term
Smoking paralyzes the ______ of the pseudostratified columnar of the respiratory passages and cause a local build up of mucus.
Definition
Cilia
Term
Is dysplasia reversible?
Definition
Maybe
Term
What is metaplasia?
Definition
Tissue changes its structure in response to injury or chemical stress. Pseudostratified -> stratified epithelium.
Term
Is metaplasia reversible?
Definition
Maybe
Term
What is Neoplasia or Anaplasia?
Definition
Abnormal cells form a cancerous tumor. Most dangerous stage is where cells become malignant and metastasize to other parts of the body.
Term
Is neoplasia/anaplasia reversible?
Definition
No but can be treated with chemicals, radiation and/or surgery.
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