Term
The Lymphatic
Elaborate system of (6) which run throughout the body |
|
Definition
The Lymphatic
Elaborate system of lymphoid organs, nodes, ducts, tissues, capillaries and vessels which run throughout the body |
|
|
Term
| Collect fluid - lymph - from ____ tissue around blood capillaries |
|
Definition
| Collect fluid - lymph - from loose connective tissue around blood capillaries |
|
|
Term
Carry lymph to _____
Lymph flows only towards the ____
Carry fluid to great veins in the ___
Lymphatic vessels one way system |
|
Definition
Carry lymph to greater veins
Lymph flows only towards the heart
Carry fluid to great veins in the neck
Lymphatic vessels one way system |
|
|
Term
Functions of Lymphatic System
Removal of excess _____ from body tissues
Absorption of ____ and transport of fat as ___ to the circulatory system
Production of immune cells such as ____
Blood capillaries are surrounded by ____ tissue that contain tissue fluid - ____ |
|
Definition
Functions of Lymphatic System
Removal of excess fluids from body tissues
Absorption of fatty acids and transport of fat as chyle to the circulatory system
Production of immune cells such as lymphocytes
Blood capillaries are surrounded by loose connective tissue hat contain tissue fluid - lymph |
|
|
Term
Lymph arises from ____ filtered through capillary walls
Lymph consists of:
(5)
Return tissue ___ and blood ____ to bloodstream
Blockage of lymphatic vessels - ____ |
|
Definition
Lymph arises from blood filtered through capillary walls
Lymph consists of:
Small molecules, water, ions, CO2/O2, nutrients
Return tissue fluid and blood proteins to bloodstream
Blockage of lymphatic vessels - edema |
|
|
Term
Orders of Lymphatic Vessels
Lymph _____ – smallest – first receive lymph
Lymphatic ____ – collect from lymph capillaries
Lymph ____ – scattered along collecting vessels
Lymph _____ – collect lymph from collecting vessels
Lymph ____ – empty into veins of the neck |
|
Definition
Orders of Lymphatic Vessels
Lymph capillaries – smallest – first receive lymph
Lymphatic collecting vessels – collect from lymph capillaries
Lymph nodes – scattered along collecting vessels
Lymph trunks – collect lymph from collecting vessels
Lymph ducts – empty into veins of the neck |
|
|
Term
Lymph Capillaries
Located near _____ capillaries
Widespread, almost everywhere blood capillaries occur
Receive tissue fluid from connective tissue
Increased volume of tissue fluid
____ flaps open and allow fluid to enter
High permeability allows:
Uptake of tissue fluid
Entrance of bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells can travel throughout the body. Can be averted partially with lymph ___ which destroy most pathogens |
|
Definition
Lymph Capillaries
Located near blood capillaries
Widespread, almost everywhere blood capillaries occur
Receive tissue fluid from connective tissue
Increased volume of tissue fluid
Minivalve flaps open and allow fluid to enter
High permeability allows:
Uptake of tissue fluid
Entrance of bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells can travel throughout the body. Can be averted partially with lymph nodes which destroy most pathogens |
|
|
Term
Lymph Capillaries
_____ – specialized lymphatic capillaries
Located in the ___ of the small intestines
Receive digested ___
Fatty lymph – ___ |
|
Definition
Lymph Capillaries
Lacteals – specialized lymphatic capillaries
Located in the villi of the small intestines
Receive digested fats
Fatty lymph – chyle |
|
|
Term
From lymph capillaries, lymph enters lymphatic ______
Accompany blood vessels
Superficial collecting vessels in the skin travel with superficial ___
Deep one from trunk and digestive viscera travel with deep _____
Narrow and delicate
Composed of the same three ____ as blood vessels, but wall thinner because lymph flows under low ____ - not connected to the heart |
|
Definition
From lymph capillaries, lymph enters lymphatic collecting vessels
Accompany blood vessels
Superficial collecting vessels in the skin travel with superficial veins
Deep one from trunk and digestive viscera travel with deep arteries
Narrow an delicate
Composed of the same three tunics as blood vessels, but wall thinner because lymph flows under low pressure - not connected to the heart |
|
|
Term
Lymphatic Collecting Vessels
To direct flow, they contain more ___ than veins
At the base of each ___, vessel ____, forms a pocket in which lymph collects
Forces ___ to close
Looks like a string of beads
Lymph propelled by __ mechanisms than blood :
Bulging of ____ muscles
Pulsing of nearby ______
Tunica ____ of the lymph vessels contracts
Very slow and weak lymph flow - ___ |
|
Definition
Lymphatic Collecting Vessels
To direct flow, they contain more valves than veins
At the base of each valve, vessel bulges, forms a pocket in which lymph collects
Forces valves to close
Looks like a string of beads
Lymph propelled by weaker mechanisms than blood :
Bulging of skeletal muscles
Pulsing of nearby arteries
Tunica media of the lymph vessels contracts
Very slow and weak lymph flow - edema |
|
|
Term
Lymph Nodes
Cleanse the lymph of _____
Situated along the lymphatic collecting _____
Human body contains approximately ___ nodes , 1-25mm
Lymph nodes are organized in clusters |
|
Definition
Lymph Nodes
Cleanse the lymph of pathogens
Situated along the lymphatic collecting vessels
Human body contains approximately 500 nodes , 1-25mm
Lymph nodes are organized in clusters |
|
|
Term
___ nodes: superficial, along the jugular veins and carotid arteries, ____ nodes: armpit
____ nodes: superior thigh, filters lymph from upper and lower limbs
_____ nodes: deep, in the mediastinum, filter lymph from thoracic viscera
____ nodes: deep, along abdominal aorta, filter lymph from posterior abdominal wall
____ nodes: deep, along the iliac arteries, filter lymph from pelvic organs and lower limbs |
|
Definition
Cervical nodes: superficial, along the jugular veins and carotid arteries, receives lymph from the head and neck
Axillary nodes: armpit
Inguinal nodes: superior thigh, filters lymph from upper and lower limbs
Tracheobronchial nodes: deep, in the mediastinum, filter lymph from thoracic viscera
Aortic nodes: deep, along abdominal aorta, filter lymph from posterior abdominal wall
Iliac nodes: deep, along the iliac arteries, filter lymph from pelvic organs and lower limbs |
|
|
Term
Lymph Trunks
Large lymphatic collecting vessels converge into:
Five major lymph trunks
____ trunk – receives lymph from lower limbs
_____ trunk – receives chyle from digestive organs
______ trunk – collects lymph from thoracic viscera
______ trunk – receive lymph from upper limbs and thoracic wall
______ trunk – drain lymph from the head and neck |
|
Definition
Lymph Trunks
Large lymphatic collecting vessels converge into:
Five major lymph trunks
Lumbar trunk – receives lymph from lower limbs
Intestinal trunk – receives chyle from digestive organs
Bronchomediastinal trunk – collects lymph from thoracic viscera
Subclavian trunk – receive lymph from upper limbs and thoracic wall
Jugular trunk – drain lymph from the head and neck |
|
|
Term
Lymph Ducts
Lymph trunks drain into the largest lymphatic vessels: the lymph ducts
____ duct – ascends along vertebral bodies
Drains three quarters of the body
right lymphatic duct
Empties into right internal ____ and ____ veins |
|
Definition
Lymph Ducts
Lymph trunks drain into the largest lymphatic vessels: the lymph ducts
Thoracic duct – ascends along vertebral bodies
Drains three quarters of the body
Right lymphatic duct
Empties into right internal jugular and subclavian veins |
|
|
Term
The Immune System
Recognizes specific foreign molecules
Destroys pathogens effectively
Key cells – ______
Also includes ___ tissue and ___ organs |
|
Definition
The Immune System
Recognizes specific foreign molecules
Destroys pathogens effectively
Key cells – lymphocytes
Also includes lymphoid tissue and lymphoid organs |
|
|
Term
Lymphocytes – compose ____% of WBCs
The most important cells of the immune system
Nucleus – stains ____ and occupies __ of the cytoplasm
Function mainly outside of the blood vessels in connective tissues
Effective in fighting infectious organisms
Act against a specific foreign molecule (____)
Two classes attack antigens in different ways
T cells
B cells |
|
Definition
Lymphocytes – compose 20–45% of WBCs
The most important cells of the immune system
Nucleus – stains dark purple occupies most of the cytoplasm
Function mainly outside of the blood vessels in connective tissues
Effective in fighting infectious organisms
Act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen)
Two classes attack antigens in different ways
T cells
B cells |
|
|
Term
Lymphocyte Activation
Lymphocytes
Infectious organisms attacked by inflammatory response
Macrophages, then _____
B lymphocytes – become _____ cells
Secrete _____
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Destroy ____-bearing cells |
|
Definition
Lymphocyte Activation
Lymphocytes
Infectious organisms attacked by inflammatory response
Macrophages, then lymphocytes
B lymphocytes – become plasma cells
Secrete antibodies
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Destroy antigen-bearing cells |
|
|
Term
Lymphocyte Activation
Lymphoid Tissue
Most important tissue of the immune system
Two general locations
____ membranes of:
Digestive, urinary, respiratory, and reproductive tracts
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (____)
Lymphoid organs |
|
Definition
Lymphocyte Activation
Lymphoid Tissue
Most important tissue of the immune system
Two general locations
Mucous membranes of:
Digestive, urinary, respiratory, and reproductive tracts
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Lymphoid organs |
|
|
Term
Lymphoid Organs
Designed to gather and destroy infectious microorganisms
Thymus
Immature lymphocytes develop into _____
Most active in childhood
Functional tissue atrophies with age |
|
Definition
Lymphoid Organs
Designed to gather and destroy infectious microorganisms
Thymus
Immature lymphocytes develop into T lymphocytes
Most active in childhood
Functional tissue atrophies with age |
|
|
Term
Lymph Nodes
Function
Lymph percolates through lymph ____
Most antigenic challenges occur in lymph nodes
Antigens destroyed – and activate ______ |
|
Definition
Lymph Nodes
Function
Lymph percolates through lymph sinuses
Most antigenic challenges occur in lymph nodes
Antigens destroyed – and activate B and T lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
Spleen
Largest lymphoid organ
Two main blood-cleansing functions
Removal of blood-borne _____
Removal and destruction of _______
Site of _____ in the fetus |
|
Definition
Spleen
Largest lymphoid organ
Two main blood-cleansing functions
Removal of blood-borne antigens
Removal and destruction of old/defective blood cells
Site of hematopoiesis in the fetus |
|
|
Term
Tonsils
Simplest lymphoid organs
Four groups of tonsils (4) tonsils
Arranged in a ring to gather and remove pathogens |
|
Definition
Tonsils
Simplest lymphoid organs
Four groups of tonsils
Palatine, lingual, pharyngeal, and tubal tonsils
Arranged in a ring to gather and remove pathogens |
|
|
Term
Aggregated Lymphoid Nodules and the Appendix
___ (in the ______)– abundant in walls of intestines
Fight invading bacteria
Generate a wide variety of ____ lymphocytes
Appendix - tubular offshoot of the ___ |
|
Definition
Aggregated Lymphoid Nodules and the Appendix
MALT (in the lamina propria)– abundant in walls of intestines
Fight invading bacteria
Generate a wide variety of memory lymphocytes
Appendix - tubular offshoot of the cecum |
|
|
