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Chapter 2 vocab
vocab
58
Anatomy
12th Grade
08/30/2007

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Term
decomposition reaction
Definition
a chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms
Term
synthesis combination reaction
Definition
a chemical reaction in which larger, more complex atoms or molecules are formed from simpler ones
Term
anabolic
Definition
refers to the phase in metabolism in which simple substances are synthesized into the complex materials of living tissue (aka constructive metabolism)
Term
catabolic
Definition
refers to the breaking down of complex substances into simpler ones with the release of energy (aka destructive metabolism)
Term
orbitals
Definition
regions around the nucleus in which a given electron or electron pair is likely to be found most of the time.
Term
atomic number
Definition
the number of protons in an atom
Term
mass number
Definition
the sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons
Term
reduced
Definition
chemical reaction in which electrons and energy are gained by a molecule or oxyegen is lost
Term
exergonic reaction
Definition
chemical reaction that releases energy
Term
endergonic reaction
Definition
chemical reaction that absorbs energy
Term
chemical equilibrium
Definition
a state of apparent repose created by two reactions proceeding in oppaite direction at equalspeed

who is this?
Term
Factors influencing rates of chemical reactions
Definition
temperature, concentration of particles, particle size, and the presence of catalyists all influence how quickly/slowly a reaction will occur
Term
Temperature
Definition
(in context of chemical reaction rates)
an increase in temp. means an increase in kinetic energy and the force of particle collisions
ie. higher temp = faster reaction
Term
Concentration
Definition
(in context of chemical reaction rates)
a higher concentration (or more of the particles) will result in more particle collisions and faster reactions
Term
Polysaccharide
Definition
A biological polymer composed of sugar subunits for example, starch or cellulose.
Term
Disaccharide
Definition
Double sugar (sucrose, lactose)
Term
Isomer
Definition
One of two or more substances that has the same molecular formula but with its atoms arranged differently
Term
Monosaccharide
Definition
One sugar; building block of carbohydrates (glucose)
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
Organic compound composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen; includes starches, sugars and cellulose
Term
crystals
Definition
a highly ordered 3-D lattice; formed when an element or compound solidifies or is in a dry state
Term
electronegativity
Definition
when generally small atoms (like oxygen or nitrogen) are electron-hungry and attract electrons very strongly
Term
electropositive
Definition
most atoms with only one or two valence shell electrons tend to have a low electron-attracting ability and they usually lose their valence shell electrons to other atoms
Term
chemical equations
Definition
when chemical reactions are written in a symbollic form
Term
atomic mass unit
Definition
a small unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular masses
Term
electron
Definition
negatively charged particle
Term
planetary model
Definition
a simplified (and outdated) model of atomic structure depicting electrons moving around the nucleus in fixed, circular orbits
Term
colloids
Definition
a mixture in which the solute particles (usually protein) do not settle out readily
Term
orbital model
Definition
the modern model of atomic structure that depicts electrons moving around the nucleus in orbitals
Term
sol-gel transformation
Definition
reversible change of a colloid from a fluid (sol) to a more solid (gel) state
Term
sol-gel transformation
Definition
reversible change of a colloid from a fluid (sol) to a more solid (gel) state
Term
suspensions
Definition
heterogenous mixtures with large, often visible solutes taht tend to settle out
Term
chemical bonds
Definition
an energy relationship holding atoms together; involves the interaction of electrons
Term
potential energy
Definition
Stored or inactive energy
Term
chemical energy
Definition
energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances and most useful in the bonds of ATP
Term
electrical energy
Definition
results in the movement of charged particles, such as an ion moving along a cell membrane.
Term
Electron shells
Definition
Regions of space that consecutively surround the nucleus of an atom
Term
Energy Level
Definition
One of a quantized series of states in which matter may exist, each having constant energy and separated from others in the series by finite quantities of energy
Term
Valence Shell
Definition
Outermost electron shell (energy level) of an atom that contains electrons
Term
Octet Rule (rule of eights)
Definition
The tendency of atoms to interact in such a way that they have eight electrons in their valence shell
Term
Molecule
Definition
A particle consisting of two ro more atoms joined together by chemical bonds
Term
Compound
Definition
A substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united
Term
Mixtures
Definition
two or more substances which have been combined such that each substance retains its own chemical identity.
Term
Solution
Definition
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Term
proton acceptor
Definition
a substance that takes up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts; commonly referred to as a base
Term
hydroxyl ions
Definition
an ion liberated when a hydroxide (a common inorganic base) is dissolved in water
Term
bicarbonate ions
Definition
when exposed to an acid such as acetic acid, bicarbonates release carbon dioxide; also a buffer in blood
Term
hydrogen atoms
Definition
a hydrogen atom minus the electron therefore carrying a positive charge.
Term
proton donors
Definition
takes up hydrogen atoms in deductable amounts also called a base.
Term
base
Definition
has a bitter taste, feels slippery and are proton acceptors.
Term
buffers
Definition
a substance that prevents change in pH in teh acidity of a solution when an acid or base is added to the solution.
Term
strong base
Definition
increase of hydroxide (OH), deacrease in hydrogen(H). (alkalinity)

highest concentration of OH

pH greater than seven
Term
weak base
Definition
increase of hydroxide (OH), deacrease in hydrogen(H). (alkalinity)

high concentration of OH

pH greater than seven
Term
carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
Definition
having no net electric charge
Term
reactants
Definition
The number and kinds of reacting substances.
Term
products
Definition
The resulting substances of a reaction.
Term
molecular formula
Definition
The signs representing molecules.
Ex: CH4
Term
isotopes
Definition
One of two or more atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Term
radioisotopes
Definition
A naturally or artificially produced radioactive isotope of an element.
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