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Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Levels of Structural Organization, Homeostasis, and The Language of Human Anatomy
109
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/01/2010

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Cards

Term

 

 

In order what are the 6 levels of organization in the human body?

Definition

1. Chemical

2. Cellular

3. Tissue

4. Organ

5. Organ System

6.Organismal

Term

Transverse Plane

 

Median (midsagittal) Plane

 

Frontal Plane

Definition

[image]

Term

Superior

Inferior

Ventral

Dorsal

Medial

Lateral

Definition

1. Toward head

2. Away from head

3. Toward the front of body

4. Behind

5. Toward the midline

6. Away from the midline

Term

Intermediate

Proximal

Distal

Superficial

Deep

Definition

1. Between a more medial and more lateral structure

2. Closer to the orgin of the body part (or pt of attach)

3. Farther from the origin of a bady part (or pt of attach)

4. Toward or at the surface

5. Away from the body surface

Term

 

 

4 abdominopelvic quadrants

Definition
[image]
Term
Parietal pericardium 
Definition

 Lines the pericardial cavity

[image]

Term
Visceral pericardium
Definition

Covers the heart 

 

[image]

Term
Parietal pleura
Definition

Lines the thoracic cavity

[image]

Term
Visceral peritoneum 
Definition

 Covers the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity  

[image]

Term
Parietal peritoneum
Definition

Lines the abdominopelvic cavity

[image]

Term
Cervical 
Definition
 Neck  
Term
Coxal 
Definition
Hip
Term
Acromial 
Definition
 Point of shoulder  
Term
Antecubital
Definition
Front of elbow
Term
Occipital
Definition
Back of the head
Term
Vertebral
Definition
Spinal column
Term
Buccal
Definition
Cheek  
Term
Otic 
Definition
Ear
Term
Plantar 
Definition
 Sole
Term
Carpal 
Definition
Wrist
Term
Brachial
Definition
Arm
Term
Inguinal 
Definition
 Groin
Term
Popliteal
Definition
Back of knee  
Term
  Pedal
Definition
Foot
Term
Tarsal 
Definition
 Ankle  
Term
Mental
Definition
Chin  
Term
  Olecranal
Definition
Back of elbow
Term
Axillary
Definition
Armpit
Term
Frontal
Definition
Forehead
Term
Orbital
Definition
 Eye
Term
Several organs integrated to do a major physiological task
Definition
Organ system level
Term
Several tissues performing a specific function
Definition
Organ level 
Term
Similar cells with a common function  
Definition
Tissue level 
Term
Smallest units of living things
Definition
Cellular level  
Term
Interactions among molecules such as water, DNA, and proteins  
Definition
Chemical level
Term
What demonstrates:Positive feedback system (Blood Clotting)
Definition
Regulation of blood clotting  
Term
What demonstartes: Initial signal   (blood clotting)
Definition
Broken or damaged blood vessel  
Term
What demonstrates: Response to initial signal   (blood clotting)
Definition
 Blood platelets adhere to damaged site
Term
What demonstrates: Action of blood platelets  (blood clotting)
Definition
Release chemicals that attract more platelets  
Term
Event that ends this positive feedback loop  (blood clotting)
Definition
Blood clot seals tear in damaged blood vessel  
Term
The lower-middle portion of the abdomen  
Definition

Hypogastric region

[image]

Term
The upper-middle portion of the abdomen  
Definition

Epigastric region

[image]

Term
The abdominal regions that are lateral to the hypogastric region  
Definition

Right and left inguinal regions  

[image]

Term
The abdominal regions that are lateral to the umbilical region  
Definition
Left and right lumbar regions  
Term
The abdominal regions that are lateral to the epigastric region  
Definition
Right and left hypochondriac regions  
Term
Example of negative feedback system
Definition
Regulation of body temperature  
Term
Effector  
Definition
 Provides the means to respond to the stimulus  
Term
Example of a regulated variable
Definition
 Temperature  
Term
Receptor (sensor)
Definition
Monitors changes in environment  
Term
Control center
Definition
Determines the set point and appropriate system response  
Term
Contains the stomach, intestines, and spleen
Definition
Abdominal cavity
Term
Contains the lungs and heart
Definition
Thoracic cavity  
Term
Contains the bladder and rectum  
Definition
Pelvic cavity  
Term
Contains the brain  
Definition
Cranial cavity
Term
Contains the spinal cord  
Definition
Vertebral cavity  
Term
Contains the teeth and tongue
Definition
Oral cavity  
Term
Part of respiratory passages  
Definition
Nasal cavity  
Term
Contains the eyes  
Definition
Orbital cavity
Term
Contains bones to transmit sound vibrations
Definition
Middle ear cavity  
Term
Associated with knee, elbow, and other joints
Definition
Synovial cavity
Term
Nervous system
Definition
Contains the brain and spinal cord
Term
Endocrine system  
Definition
Contains the pituitary and thyroid gland  
Term
Cardiovascular system
Definition
Contains the heart and blood vessels
Term
Urinary system  
Definition
Contains the kidneys and bladder  
Term
Reproductive system
Definition
Contains the testes and ovaries
Term
Responds to internal and external stimuli
Definition
Nervous system
Term
Secretes hormones
Definition
Endocrine system
Term
Pumps and transports blood
Definition
Cardiovascular system
Term
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Definition
Urinary system  
Term
Produces sperm and eggs
Definition
Reproductive system
Term
Head
Definition
Cephalic
Term
Thigh  
Definition
Femoral
Term
 Breast  
Definition
Mammary
Term
Leg
Definition
Crural
Term
 Forearm
Definition
Antebrachial
Term
Integumentary system
Definition
Skin, hair, and nails  
Term
Skeletal system
Definition
Bones, cartilage, and ligaments
Term
Respiratory system
Definition
Trachea, bronchi, and lungs  
Term
Digestive system 
Definition
Stomach, intestines, and liver  
Term
Lymphatic system
Definition
Spleen and white blood cells  
Term
Respiratory system
Definition
Supplies body with oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide waste  
Term
Lymphatic system 
Definition
Defends the body from disease  
Term
Digestive system
Definition
Breaks down food  
Term
Integumentary system 
Definition
Separates the body's internal environment from the external environment  
Term
Muscular system
Definition
Provides locomotion  
Term
A person with appendicitis will most often present with pain in the:
Definition

right lower quadrant.

The appendix is located in the right lower quadrant.

Term
The plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is called the:
Definition

frontal plane.

 

The frontal, or coronal, plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Term
Homeostatic imbalance has occurred when a:
Definition

person becomes ill.

 

A person who has become ill is said to be out of homeostasis. In other words, they are suffering from a homeostatic imbalance.

Term
In order the 6 levels of organization?
Definition

Cellular, tissue, organ, organ system

 

The levels of complexity always begin with cellular and increase from there, ending with organ systems.

Term
Approximately what percentage of the air we breathe is made of oxygen?
Definition
Air is made of approximately 20% oxygen.
Term
The cranial cavity is housed in:
Definition

the dorsal body cavity.

 

The dorsal body cavity houses the cranial and vertebral cavities, whereas the ventral body cavity houses the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
 
Term

The spleen is the largest organ in the:


Definition

lymphatic system

The lymphatic system houses several organs, the largest of which is the spleen

Term
An example of positive feedback?
Definition

Release of oxytocin to increase the strength of labor contractions

 

Sex

 

blood clotting

Term
What cavity is the spinal cord located in?
Definition
The spinal cord is located in the dorsal body cavity.
Term

What body system acts as a fast-acting control system for the body?
Definition

Nervous

 

The nervous system works very quickly to control all changes in the body.

Term

What system functions to produce blood cells?

Definition

Skeletal

 

While the circulatory system circulates the blood cells, the skeletal system produces blood cells.

Term
What is not a nessesary life function?
Definition
Intelligence
Term
The branch of anatomy that traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span is referred to as:
Definition

developmental anatomy.

This branch of anatomy studies all structures in one particular "region" of the body at the same time.

Term
If the human body temperature drops slightly below 37° C (98.6° F), the following occurs:
Definition

Metabolic reactions become slower

 

If the human body temperature drops below 37° C, metabolic reactions become slower.

Term
Divides the body in two equal but non-identical left and right parts along the midline.
Definition
midsagittal plane
Term
Which cavities lie in the dorsal cavity?
Definition
cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
Term
The body cavity which houses the lung is known as the:
Definition

the pleural cavity.

The pleural cavity is where the lungs are located.

Term
If you know that the appendix lies in the right lower part of the trunk, you could also say it lies in the:
Definition

right inguinal region.

 

This is the medical term for the upper-right-hand corner of the trunk that runs along side the thoracic cage.

Term
What covers the outer surface of organs in a body cavity?
Definition
The visceral serosa membrane
Term
The cavity between bones at the joint is known as
Definition
the synovial cavity.
Term
What is Positron emission tomography (PET):
Definition
CT scan that excels in observing the metabolic processes 
Term
Negative feedback mechanisms are characterized by
Definition

having the output of a system cause a change in the system, and, as a result, less of the output is eventually produced.


The key to negative feedback is that some variable is out of balance and is brought back into balance.

Term
Arms, legs, fingers, and toes belong to the _________ part of the human body.
Definition

appendicular

 

The appendicular body contains the arms, legs, and their distal extensions.

Term
What cavities are in the ventral body cavity?
Definition
Abdominal, Pelvic, and Thoracic
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