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chapter 1 seelys anatomy and physiology
chapter 1 anatomy and physiology
63
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
08/27/2014

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Term
developmental anatomy
Definition
structural changes through life
Term
embryology
Definition
conception to 8 weeks
Term
microscopic anatomy
vs
gross anatomy
Definition
micro- microscope used
histology
cytology
gross-no microscope
Term
surface anatomy-
Definition
the relationship of external form and deeper structures
Term
types of physiology
Definition
cell - processes of cells
systemic- considers functions of organ systems
neurophysiology- focuses on nervous system
cardiovascular physiology- deals with the heart/blood vessels

**physiology often studies systems rather than regions... one particular function can involve portions of a system in more than one region
Term
pathology and exercise physiology
both anatomy and phys
Definition
pathology- disease and cause of disease and the structural and functional changes resulting from them

exercise phys- changes in function and structure caused by exercise
Term
radiology or x-ray
Definition
electromagnetic radiation
2d
broken bones, teeth
Term
ultrasound
Definition
sound waves bounce off structures
computer analyzes and creates image
pregnancy, ulcers, stomach
Term
computed tomography CT
Definition
computer analyzed image of x-ray
shows slices/ cross section of body
tumor, concussion, brain injury
Term
dynamic spacial reconstruction DSR
Definition
3D version of CT using multiple slices
injuries, tumors, brain, heart
Term
DSA digital subtraction angiography
Definition
one ct no dye, one with dye
first subtracted from second enhancing differences made by dye
blood vessel studies, unclogging vessels
Term
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Definition
uses magnetism and radio waves to look at varying alignment of protons in soft tissues and show very clear sections of body

shows cancer more readily that CT scan
Term
Positron Emission tomography (PET)
Definition
uses radioactively labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity of cells. identifies metabolic states of various tissues.

cancer patients, brain activity
Term
name all body systems
Definition
Reproductive
Urinary
Nervous
Muscular
Respiratory
Skeletal
Lymphatic
Integumentary
Digestive
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Term
Integumentary
Definition
1. protection
2. temp regulation
3.water retention
4. production of vitamin D
*skin *nails *hair *sweat glands
Term
Skeletal system
Definition
1. provides support
2. allows movement
3. protection
4. blood cell production
5. stores minerals and fat
*bones *cartilage *ligaments * joints
Term
Muscular system
Definition
1. maintains posture
2. produces heat
3. provides movement
*muscles and *tendons that attach them to skelton
Term
Lymphatic system
Definition
1. removes foreign substances from lymph and blood
2. controls tissue fluid balance
3. fights disease
4.absorbs fats from the digestive tract
*lymphatic vessels *lymph nodes *other lymphatic organs
tonsils, thymus, axillary lymph node, lymphatic vessel, mammary plexus, thoracic duct, spleen, inguinal lymph node
Term
Respiratory system
Definition
1. exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air
2. regulates blood pH
* lungs *respiratory passages *nasal cavity *pharynx or throat * trachea *bronchi
Term
Digestive system
Definition
1. performs the mechanical an chemical processes of digestion
2. absorption of nutrients
3. elimination of wastes

*mouth *esophagus *stomach *intestines *pharynx *rectum *anus *appendix *liver *gallbladder
Term
Nervous system
Definition
1. detects sensations
2.controls movements
3. controls physiological processes
4. controls intellectual functions
*brain *spinal chord *nerves *sensory receptors *cauda equina
Term
Endocrine system
Definition
1. influences metabolism
2. growth
3. reproduction
*glands *hormones

*hypothalamus *pituitary *pineal gland *thyroid *parathyroid *thymus *adrenals *pancreas *ovaries *testes
Term
cardiovascular system
Definition
1. transports nutrients
2. transports waste products
3. transports gasses
4. transports hormones
5. plays a role in immune response
6. regulation of temperature
*heart *blood vessels *blood
Term
urinary system
Definition
1. removes waste products from blood
2. regulates blood pH, ion balance
3.regulates water balance

*kidneys *urinary bladder *ducts that carry urine
*kidney *ureter *urinary bladder *urethra
Term
female reproductive system
Definition
1. produces oocytes
2. site of fertilization/ fetal development
3.produces milk for newborn
4. produces hormones influencing sexual function and behavior
*ovaries *vagina *uterus *mammary glands
Term
male reproductive system
Definition
1. produces and transfers sperm cells
2. produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behavior
*testes *ducts *penis
Term
characteristics of life
Definition
organization
metabolism
growth
reproduction
responsiveness
development
Term
differentiation
Definition
change in cell structure and function
Term
morphogenesis
Definition
change in the shape of tissues, organs, or entire organism
Term
supine
Definition
face upward
Term
prone
Definition
face downward
Term
superior/cephalic
Definition
up, toward the head (cephalic only used to describe directionally movements on trunk)
Term
inferior/caudal
Definition
down, tail end
Term
anterior
Definition
toward the front
Term
posterior
Definition
toward the back
Term
ventral
Definition
belly surface
Term
dorsal
Definition
back surface
Term
proximal
Definition
nearest *limbs
Term
distal
Definition
distant *limbs
Term
medial
Definition
toward the midline
Term
lateral
Definition
away from midline
Term
superficial
Definition
structure close to surface of body
Term
deep
Definition
toward interior of body
Term
head region parts front
Definition
frontal (forehead)
orbital (eyes)
nasal (nose)
oral (mouth)
otic (ear)
mental (chin)
buccal (cheek)
Term
Thoracic region parts front (part of trunk)
Definition
pectoral (chest)
sternal (breastbone)
mammary (breast)
Term
neck region parts front
Definition
clavicular(collar bone)
cervical (neck)
Term
abdomino pelvic region parts front (part of trunk)
Definition
abdominal (abdomen)
umbilical (naval)
pelvic (pelvis)
inguinal (groin)
pubic (genital)
Term
upper limb region front
Definition
axillary (arm pit)
brachial (arm)
antecubital (front of elbow)
antebrachial (forearm)
carpal (wrist)
manual (hand)
palmar (palm)
Digital (fingers)
Term
lower limb region front
Definition
coxal (hip)
femoral (thigh)
patellar (kneecap)
crural (leg)
pedal (foot)
tallus (ankle)
dorsum (top of foot)
digital (toes)
Term
head region parts back
Definition
cranial (skul)
Occipital (base of skull)
nuchal (back of neck)
Term
trunk region parts back
Definition
dorsal (back)
scapular (shoulder blade)
vertebral (spinal column)
lumbar (loin)
sacral (between hips)
gluteal (buttocks)
perineal (perineum)
Term
upper limb region parts back
Definition
acromial (point of shoulder)
olecranon (point of elbow)
dorsum (back of hand)
Term
lower limb region parts back
Definition
popliteal (hollow behind knee)
sural(calf)
plantar (sole)
calcaneal (heel)
Term
abdominal subdivisions
Definition
right upper hypochondriac
epigastric region
left upper hypochondriac
right lumbar region
umbilical region
left lumbar region
right iliac region
hypogastric region
left iliac region
Term
planes
Definition
sagittal- cut vertically
median-sagittal plane that divides body left and right
frontal/coronal- divides body into anterior and posterior
transverse/horizontal- runs parallel to ground dividing body into superior and inferior
Term
sections
Definition
longitudinal- cut through long axis of organ
transverse/cross- cut at right angle to long axis
oblique- cut made at angle
Term
thoracic body cavity
Definition
the rib cage surrounds it
diaphragm separates it from abdominal cavity
divided by mediastinum (thymus, heart,trachea, esoph)
lungs on either side
Term
abdominal cavity
Definition
abdominal muscles primarily enclose it contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys
Term
pelvic
Definition
pelvic bones encase the space
contains bladder, part of large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs
Term
serous membranes
visceral vs parietal
Definition
surround body cavities and cover organs
visceral- inside layer
parietal-outside layer
Term
pericardium
Definition
refers to heart
Term
pleuracardium
Definition
refers to lungs and thoracic cavity
Term
peritonium
Definition
refers to abdominopelvic cavity
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