Term
| What explains cultural differences among Native American groups before european conquest? |
|
Definition
-Paleo-Indians crossed into North America from Asia about 20,000 years ago
-divided into groups, speaking different languages
-Agricultural Revolution allowed some groups to grow in population/complex societies (such as Aztecs)
-some groups developed later |
|
|
Term
| How did Europeans and Native Americans interact during the period of first contact? |
|
Definition
-N.A. initially wanted to trade with Europeans
-Europeans wanted to "civilize" Indians
-N.A. resisted changes in religion and European-style education
-old-world diseases (smallpox) decimated Indians (they were left vulnerable to cultural imperialism) |
|
|
Term
| What was the character of the West African societies European traders first encountered? |
|
Definition
-West africans learned islam long before eurpoeans arrived
-europeans found powerful local leaders who knew how to prift from commercial exchange
-slaves were taken to slave factories to be sold to europeans and shipped to new world |
|
|
Term
| What factors explain Spain's central role in New World exploration and colonization? |
|
Definition
-the unification of Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella/experience of the Reconquista provided them with advantages in its later conquest of the New World
-Spanish monarchy supported the exploration of Christopher Columbus (who thought he found a new route to Asia)
-this gave Spain a head start in claiming American lands |
|
|
Term
| How did Spanish conquest of Central and South America transform Native American cultures? |
|
Definition
-Spanish conquistadores conquered a lot of the Caribbean, Mexico, and central/south America during 16th century
-catholic missionaries followed to convert indians to christianity
-conquistadores cruelly exploited indians as laborers, but also intermarried between them to create a new cultural blending of spanish and indian elements |
|
|
Term
| What was the character of the French empire in Canada? |
|
Definition
-French in Canada focused on building a trading empire rather than on settlement
-Coureurs de bois and Catholic missionaries lived among Indians learning their language/customs
-French explorers followed rivers of North America and claimed a lot of land along St. Lawrence and Mississippi Rivers |
|
|
Term
| Why did England not participate in the early competition for New World colonies? |
|
Definition
-during 1500s, religious turmoil preoccupied monarchs
-Queen Elizabeth I ended internal religious struggle in 1558 by establishing English church (protestant in doctrine but catholic in ceremony)
-under Elizabeth, english nationalism merged with anti-catholicism to challenge spanish control of the Americas |
|
|
Term
| What was the name of the land bridge the first American Indians probably crossed to arrive here from Northeast Asia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following was a weakness of American Indian culture? |
|
Definition
| their lack of iron smelting and refining |
|
|
Term
| An important treaty that shaped American colonization between Spain and Portugal was... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what two ways did the Columbian Exchange directly threaten Indians? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What allowed Native Americans (and other early people) to settle in larger concentrations and more permanent settlements with healthier/larger populations? |
|
Definition
| the Agricultural Revolution |
|
|
Term
| How did the Agricultural Revolution change Native American societies? |
|
Definition
-Allowed for groups to remain in one area
-The stability allowed civilizations to build great cities
-The development of cities led to a structured society, class system, division of labor, and systems of governance
-Cultivated maize, squash, beans, potatoes |
|
|
Term
| Strengths of Native Americans: |
|
Definition
-Geographic specialization
-Environmental Ingenuity
-More advanced, organized, than we give ‘em credit for
-Complex societies, rich histories
-Important Crops such as:
Chocolate
Corn
Peanuts
Potatoes
Tobacco |
|
|
Term
| weaknesses of Native Americans: |
|
Definition
-Little sense of cultural unity (more loyal to tribe)
-Reduced immune system
-Lack of domesticated animals
-Geographic specialization
Technological stagnation (didn't know/really have these things:)
Wheel
Iron
Plank-Built Boats
Written History
Arch or Dome |
|
|
Term
| How did trade threaten Native American survival? |
|
Definition
-Native Americans were eager for European trade
-They became dependent on, and indebted to, Europeans
-Commerce also influenced warfare patterns |
|
|
Term
| How did disease threaten Native American survival? |
|
Definition
-Contact brought population decline among American Indians
-Cause: lack of resistance to epidemic diseases such as:
Smallpox
Measles
Influenza |
|
|
Term
| Ecological Transformation: |
|
Definition
| exchange of animals, germs, ideas |
|
|
Term
| What is the Columbian Exchange? |
|
Definition
-Reintroduction of diseases Native Indians lacked immunity to, experience with
-Indians got smallpox and measles while Europeans got corn and potatoes (and slaves)
-Demographic estimates places many tribal groups at 80-90% casualty rates. |
|
|
Term
| What is the "Dark Continent"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How was the world transformed? |
|
Definition
-Large numbers of whites profoundly altered native cultures
-The rate of change varied from place to place (Coastal regions experienced change first)
-Native traditions changed radically for cultural survival
-Tribes were often “played against” one another by Europeans (divide and conquer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Discovery of the New World led to many voyages for exploration
-1490-1500s small settlements on Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and Cuba |
|
|
Term
| What was the Treaty of Tordesillas? |
|
Definition
| -1494: line for New World that allowed Spain to have anything on one side (west) of line while Portugal had the other side (east) (that's why Brazil speaks Portuguese, where most of the rest of central/south america speaks Spanish) |
|
|
Term
| How did the enconmienda system reward conquistadors? |
|
Definition
-Large land grants
-Indian inhabitants provided labor or tribute |
|
|
Term
| Spanish settlements: the catholic church... |
|
Definition
-Protected Indian rights
-Performed mass conversions |
|
|
Term
| by 1650, how many spaniards in the new world? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| of the French, Spanish, and English had inclusive societies in the New world? |
|
Definition
French and Spanish:
-Mestizo mixed Spanish and Latin American
-Crillos full Spanish ancestry, born in Latin America
-Peninsulares Spanish ancestry born in Spain
(English just called them "half-breeds"-very exclusive type of colonization) |
|
|
Term
| Dutch Settlements: New Amsterdam in 1624 became... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the first english settlement: |
|
Definition
Jamestown in 1607
(also, Roanoke, NC in 1585-1587: the "Lost Colony"--because settlers had disappeared) |
|
|
