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Chapter 19
Circulatory System
112
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/27/2012

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Term
What is the pericardium?
Definition
a double walled sac around the heart
Term
What is the pericardium composed of?
Definition
superficial fibrous pericardium, deep two-layer serous pericardium
Term
Where is the parietal layer of the serous pericardium?
Definition
the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium
Term
Where is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium located?
Definition
lines the surface of the ehart
Term
Where is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium located?
Definition
lines the surface of the ehart
Term
What are the two layers of the serous pericardium separated by?
Definition
fluid filled pericardial cavity
Term
What is the role of the pericardium?
Definition
Protects and anchors the heart, prevents overfilling of the heart with blood, allows for the heart to work in a relatively friction-free environment
Term
What are the three layers of the heart wall?
Definition
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Term
What is the epicardium?
Definition
visceral layer of the serous pericardium
Term
What is the myocardium?
Definition
cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart
Term
What is the endocardium?
Definition
endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface
Term
What is the role of the atria?
Definition
to receive blood
Term
What is the role of the ventricles?
Definition
To discharge blood
Term
What are the vessels that return blood to the heart?
Definition
superior and inferior venae cavae, right and left pulmonary veins
Term
What are the vessels that convey blood away from the heart?
Definition
Pulmonary trunk, which splits into right and left pulmonary arteries, ascending aorta (three branches), brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and subclavian arteries, left ventricle
Term
Which veins return deO2 blood to the herat?
Definition
superior and inferior venae cavae
Term
Which veins return O2 blood to the heart?
Definition
Right and left pulmonary veins
Term
Which arteries convey deO2 blood away from the heart?
Definition
Pulmonary trunk, which spilts into right and left pulmonary arteries
Term
Which arteries convey O2 blood away from the heart?
Definition
Ascending aorta (three branches) - brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and subclavian arteries, left ventricle
Term
What are the arteries of the anterior view?
Definition
right and left corononary, marginal, circumflex, anterior and interventricular
Term
What are teh veins of the anterior view?
Definition
small cardiac, anterior cardiac, and great cardiac
Term
Where are teh right and left coronary arteries located?
Definition
atrioventricular groove
Term
What are the arteries of the posterior view?
Definition
right coronary artery, posterior interventricular artery
Term
Where is the right coronary artery located?
Definition
atrioventricular groove
Term
Where is the posterior interventricular artery located?
Definition
interventricular groove
Term
What are the veins of the posterior view?
Definition
great cardiac, posterior vein to left ventricle, coronary sinus, middle cardiac
Term
Where does blood enter the right atria from?
Definition
superior and inferior venae cavae and coronary sinus
Term
Where does blood for the left atria enter from?
Definition
pulmonary veins
Term
Where does the right ventricle pump blood into?
Definition
the pulmonary trunk
Term
Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?
Definition
the aorta
Term
Role of the right ventricle?
Definition
pumps blood to the lungs to be oxygenated
Term
Anatomy of the right ventricle
Definition
thinner muscular wall, crescent shaped chamber
Term
Role of the left ventricle?
Definition
pumps blood via aorta to entire body
Term
Anatomy of left ventricle
Definition
very thick muscular wall, round shaped chamber
Term
Path of blood: Stop 1
Definition
Blood enters the right atrium
Term
Path of blood: Stop 2
Definition
Blood passes from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve
Term
Path of blood: Stop 3
Definition
Blood travels through the tricuspid valve ot the right ventricle
Term
Path of blood: Stop 4
Definition
Blood passes from the right ventricle to the pulmonary semilunar valve
Term
Path of blood: Stop 5
Definition
Blood passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary arteries
Term
Path of blood: Stop 6
Definition
Blood passes from the pulmonary arteries to the lungs
Term
Path of blood: Stop 7
Definition
Blood passes from the lungs to the pulmonary veins
Term
Path of blood: Stop 8
Definition
Blood passes from the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
Term
Path of blood: Stop 9
Definition
Blood passes from the left atrium through the mitral valve
Term
Path of blood: Stop 10
Definition
Blood passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle
Term
Path of blood: Stop 11
Definition
Blood passes from the left ventricle through the aortic semilunar valve
Term
Path of blood: Stop 12
Definition
Blood passes through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta
Term
Path of blood: Stop 13
Definition
Blood passes from the aorta into systemic circulation
Term
What are the two Circulatory circuits?
Definition
Pulmonary, Systemic
Term
What is the role of the pulmonary circuit?
Definition
pumping of blood to and from the lungs to be oxygenated
Term
What is the role of the systemic circuit?
Definition
pumping of blood to and from the body
Term
As blood leaves the aorta where does the blood go?
Definition
To arteries
Term
After blood has passed through the arteries where does it go?
Definition
Through capillaries
Term
After blood has passed through capillaries where does it go?
Definition
Venules
Term
After blood has passed through venules where do it go?
Definition
Veins
Term
After blood leaves the veins where does it go?
Definition
One of the venae cavae
Term
What is the role of coronary circulation?
Definition
Provides the heart tissue with nutrients
Term
Where does all blood feeding the heart arise from?
Definition
Left and right coronary artery
Term
What does the left coronary artery branch into?
Definition
Left anterior descending artery, circumflex artery
Term
What parts of the heart does the left anterior descending artery supply?
Definition
interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles
Term
What parts of the heart does the circumflex artery supply?
Definition
Supplies the left atrium and the posterior walls of the left ventricle
Term
What arteries does the great cardiac vein correspond with?
Definition
left anterior descending artery, circumflex artery
Term
What vein does the right coronary artery correspond with?
Definition
anterior cardiac vein
Term
What part of the heart does the right coronary supply?
Definition
Feeds right atrium and nearly all the right ventricle
Term
What does the right coronary artery branch into?
Definition
marginal and right posterior descending artery
Term
What vein does the marginal artery correspond to?
Definition
Small cardiac vein
Term
What vein does the right posterior descending artery correspond to?
Definition
Middle vein
Term
What part of the heart does the marginal artery supply?
Definition
Supplies lateral right side of heart
Term
What part of the heart does the right posterior descending artery supply?
Definition
supplies the posterior walls of both ventricles
Term
What cardiac veins do the capillaries drain into?
Definition
Great, middle, small
Term
What paths do the cardiac veins follow?
Definition
cardiac arteries
Term
Where do the cardiac veins flow into?
Definition
coronary sinus
Term
Where does the coronary sinus empty into?
Definition
Right atrium
Term
What is the role of the valves of the heart?
Definition
promote unidirectional flow by preventing backflow during contraction
Term
How many heart valves are there?
Definition
4
Term
What are teh two types of heart valves?
Definition
Atrioventricular and Semilunar
Term
What are the two atrioventricular valves?
Definition
Tricuspid, mitral
Term
Where do the AV valves lie?
Definition
between the atria and the ventricles
Term
What is the role of the chordae tendineae?
Definition
anchor AV valves to papillary muscles
Term
Where is the mitral valve located?
Definition
between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Term
Where is the tricuspid valve located?
Definition
between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Term
Atrioventricular valve function: Step 1
Definition
Blood returning to the heart fills the atria, putting pressure against atrioventricular valves; valves are forced open
Term
Atrioventricular valve function: Step 2
Definition
As ventricles fill, atrioventricular valve flaps hang limply into ventricles
Term
Atrioventricular valve function: Step 3
Definition
Atria contract, forcing additional blood into ventricles
Term
Atrioventricular valve function: Step 4
Definition
Ventricles contract, forcing blood against atrioventricular valve cusps
Term
Atrioventricular valve function: Step 5
Definition
Atrioventricular valves close
Term
Atrioventricular valve function: Step 6
Definition
Papillary muscles contract and chordae tendineae tighten, preventing valve flaps from everting into atria
Term
Where does the aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve) lie?
Definition
between the left ventricle and the aorta
Term
Where does the pulmonary semilunar valve (pulmonary valve) lie?
Definition
between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
Term
What is the role of the semilunar valves?
Definition
prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles after contraction
Term
Which heart valve is most commonly replaced?
Definition
Mitral valve
Term
Microscopic anatomy of heart muscle
Definition
striated, short, fat, branched, and interconnected
Term
What is the role of intercalated discs?
Definition
anchor cardiac cells together and allow free passage of ions
Term
How can heart muscle contraction occur?
Definition
Extrinsically (nerves) or intrinsically (automaticity)
Term
What is the role of the absolute refractory period?
Definition
Can only make the heart beat as fast as 240 bpm (dangerous)
Term
What are autorhythmic cells?
Definition
modified neurons
Term
What is the role of autorhythmic cells?
Definition
initial action potentials
Term
What are the unstable resting potentials of the autorhythmic cells called?
Definition
pacemaker potentials
Term
What ion do the autorhythmic cells use for action potentials?
Definition
calcium for rising phase
Term
What does each pacemaker potential equal?
Definition
1 heart beat
Term
How is the heart stimulated extrinsically?
Definition
sympathetic cardioacceleratory center
Term
How does the cardioacceleratory center stimulate the heart?
Definition
Sympathetically through the spinal cord targetting the SA and AV node
Term
How is heart contraction inhibitied?
Definition
Parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center
Term
How is the parasympathetic cardioinhibitor center controlled?
Definition
Via the vagus nerve
Term
What does the parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center target?
Definition
AV and SA node
Term
Pacemake or sinoatrial (SA) node generates how many impulses/minute?
Definition
75
Term
Where does the impulse from the SA node travel to next?
Definition
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Term
What happens after the impulse reaches the AV node?
Definition
delays the impulse approx .1 second, allowing atria to finish their contraction
Term
What happens to the impulse after the atria finish their contraction?
Definition
Impulse passes from atria to ventricles via the bundle of His
Term
What happens to the bundle of His?
Definition
splits into two pathways in the interventricular septum
Term
Where do the bundle branches carry the impulse to?
Definition
Toward the apex of the heart
Term
How is the impulse carried toward the apex of the heart?
Definition
Via the purkinje fibres
Term
Where do the perkinje fibers carry the impulse to?
Definition
the heart apex and ventricular walls
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