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Chapter 19
The Heart Exam IV
152
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/20/2011

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Term
Heart: Facts
Definition
It's a muscle, transfers blood, size of a fist, weighs less than 1 lb.
Term
Heart: Location
Definition
In thorax, posterior to sternum, superior surface of diaphragm, in mediastinum.
Term
Heart: Orientation
Definition
Oblique position, Apex (point) left and anterior, base is broad posterior surface.
Term
Four corners: They are...
Definition
Superior right and left, inferior right and left.
Term
Superior right point
Definition
costal cartilage of 3rd, joins sternum
Term
Superior left point
Definition
Costal cartilage of 2nd rib, a fingers' breadth lateral to the sternum.
Term
Inferior right point
Definition
Costal cartilage of the 6th rib to a fingers' breadth lateral to the sternum.
Term
Inferior left point (apex)
Definition
5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line.
Term
Pericardium
Definition
Triple layer sac that surrounds the heart.
Term
Pericardium: Layers
Definition
Fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium- parietal and visceral layer.
Term
Fibrous Pericardium: Function
Definition
Keeps the heart in place and keeps it from overfilling.
Term
Fibrous Pericardium: Location
Definition
Inferiorly adheres to the diaphragm, superiorly to the great vessels of the heart.
Term
Parietal layer (of serous pericardium)
Definition
Adheres to surface of fibrous pericardium.
Term
Visceral layer (epicardium)
Definition
Lies on the heart, considered part of the heart wall.
Term
The Visceral Layer is continuous with the... with the... in between.
Definition
Parietal layer, pericardial cavity.
Term
Pericardial cavity: Location
Definition
Between the serous layers, contains serous fluid.
Term
Pericarditis
Definition
infection and inflammation of the pericardium which produces a creaking sound called pericardial friction.
Term
Pericardial cavity: Function
Definition
There is serous fluid in the cavity to reduce friction between beating heart and outer wall of pericardial sac.
Term
Pericardial cavity: Serous Fluid
Definition
Epithelial cells of the serous pericardium, that line the pericardial cavity, secrete serous fluid.
Term
Layers of the Heart Wall: Layers
Definition
Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
Term
Epicardium (visceral layer of the serous pericardium)
Definition
Superficial layer of heart wall.
Term
Myocardium: Nomenclature
Definition
Muscle heart
Term
Myocardium forms the ... of the ... and is the actual layer that ...
Definition
bulk, heart, contracts.
Term
Myocardium: Bundles
Definition
Cells arranged in circular/spiral networks.
Term
Myocardium: Surrounding the cardiac muscle cells, in the... are ... that bind these cells together into ...
Definition
Myocardium, connective tissues, bundles.
Term
Myocardium: Bundle function
Definition
Ensure that blood is squeezed out of chambers appropriately; flows down from atria and up from ventricles.
Term
Endocardium: Sheet of ...resting on thin ..., lines the chambers and covers the ...
Definition
endothelium, CT layer, valves
Term
Chambers of the heart: Components
Definition
2 atria and 2 ventricles
Term
Atria (singular=atrium) overview
Definition
Blood comes into heart via atria.
Term
Atria: Walls
Definition
are thinner than ventricles.
Term
Atria: What it does
Definition
Contract and push blood into ventricles simultaneously (most of the blood flow to ventricles is taken care of by gravity)
Term
Atria: They are separated by
Definition
Interatrial septum (not permeable)
Term
Ventricles are..., especially the ...side
Definition
Thicker, left.
Term
Ventricles separated by...
Definition
Interventricular septum
Term
Right Atrium: What is does
Definition
Receives systemic oxygen-poor blood.
Term
Right atrium: Parts
Definition
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
Term
Right Atrium: Right auricle (external)
Definition
Flab that projects to the left. Shaped like dog's ear.
Term
Right Atrium: 2 portions of internal atrium.
Definition
Posterior and anterior part.
Term
Right Atrium: Posterior part
Definition
has smooth walls
Term
Right Atrium: Anterior part
Definition
Has pectinate muscles
Term
Pectinate muscles
Definition
ridges on the wall of the atrium
Term
Right Atrium: Two portions are separated by
Definition
crista terminalis
Term
Crista Terminalis
Definition
C shaped ridge important for locating sites where veins enter
Term
Right Atrium receives blood from the .... and the ...
Definition
superior and inferior vena cava
Term
The heart itself needs its own ....
Definition
Blood supply
Term
The heart is a ... like any other ... in our body and needs blood and ... to work.
Definition
muscle, muscle, oxygen
Term
Blood going to the Right Ventricle from Right Atrium
Definition
Blood travels from right atrium to the right ventricle via the tricuspid valve.
Term
Right Ventricle: What it does
Definition
Receives blood from right atrium and pumps it to lungs via pulmonary trunk then arteries.
Term
Right Ventricle: Forms the most ... of the heart
Definition
anterior surface
Term
Right Ventricle: Internal structures
Definition
Trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, pulmonary semilunar valve.
Term
Right Ventricle: Trabeculae carneae
Definition
muscle ridges
Term
Right Ventricle: Papillary muscles
Definition
cone shaped muscles that project from wall
Term
Right Ventricle: Chordae tendineae
Definition
project superiorly from papillary muscles to valve flaps of tricuspid valve.
Term
Right Ventricle: Pulmonary semilunar valve
Definition
Valve between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.
Term
Left Atrium: Makes up ... of ...
Definition
most, base
Term
Left Atrium: What it does
Definition
Receives oxygen rich blood from lungs via pulmonary veins.
Term
Left Atrium: How many pulmonary veins
Definition
Four, two on left, two on right.
Term
Left Atrium: Auricle
Definition
Is external on anterior side.
Term
Left Atrium: Pectinate muscles
Definition
line auricle only; rest of inside is smooth.
Term
Left Atrium: Path
Definition
Opens into left ventricle via the mitral valve (aka bicuspid or left atrioventrical valve)
Term
Left Atrium: Mitral valve prolapse
Definition
leaking=murmur
Term
Left Ventricle: Forms...of heart
Definition
Apex
Term
Left Ventricle: What it does
Definition
Pumps blood systemically
Term
Left Ventricle: Is similar to right ventricle with...
Definition
Trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae.
Term
Left Ventricle: Path
Definition
Sends blood to body via aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve)
Term
Valves of the heart: Function
Definition
To allow blood flow and prevent back flow of blood. Atrioventricular valves, semilunar valves.
Term
Valves of Heart: Composition
Definition
Each valve contains 2 or 3 cusps which are flaps of endocardium reinforced by cores of dense CT.
Term
Valves of Heart: Atrioventricular valves: When...are relaxed the .... pull the ... valve open and blood rushes in.
Definition
ventricles, papillary muscles, atrioventricular
Term
Valves of Heart: Atrioventricular valves: When the ... contract, the pressure within them forces the ... closed
Definition
Ventricles, atrioventricular valves
Term
Valves of Heart: Atrioventricular valves: The ... contract just before the ventricles ... so they can pull on the ... and avoid ...of the valve.
Definition
Papillary muscles, contract, chordae tendineae, everting
Term
Valves of Heart: Atrioventricular valves: Location
Definition
Between atria and ventricles (there are 2)
Term
Valves of Heart: Atrioventricular valves: Right side valve is known as the...
Definition
Tricuspid or right atrioventricular valve.
Term
Valves of Heart: Atrioventricular valves: Left side valve is known as the...
Definition
Bicuspid, left atrioventricular valve, or the mitral valve.
Term
Valves of Heart: Semilunar valves: Both have ....
Definition
3 cusps
Term
Valves of Heart: Semilunar valves: Location
Definition
Between ventricles and arteries.
Term
Valves of Heart: Semilunar valves: Right side is between...
Definition
Right ventricle and pulmonary artery (called right semilunar or pulmonary valve)
Term
Valves of Heart: Semilunar valves: Left side is between...
Definition
Left ventricle and aorta (called left semilunar or aortic valve)
Term
Valves of the Heart: Contraction
Definition
Systole (systolic)
Term
Valves of the Heart: Relaxation
Definition
Diastole (diastolic)
Term
Valves of the Heart: Heartbeat
Definition
Atrial contraction followed by ventricle contraction.
Term
Valves of the Heart: "Lub-dub" sound is made by the ... when they...
Definition
Valves, close
Term
Valves of the Heart: Lub
Definition
Closing of atrioventricular valves at beginning of ventricular systole
Term
Valves of the Heart: Dub
Definition
Closing of semilunar valves at end of ventricular systole.
Term
Valves of the Heart: Systole and diastole occur in...
Definition
All 4 chambers.
Term
Valves of the Heart: For blood pressure use...
Definition
Left ventricle
Term
Valves of the Heart: Differences of timing for valves
Definition
Valves on left side close slightly before right side.
Term
Fibrous Skeleton: Composition
Definition
Made of dense CT
Term
Fibrous Skeleton: Anchors...
Definition
Valve cusps
Term
Fibrous Skeleton: Function
Definition
Prevents valves from opening too far.
Term
Fibrous Skeleton: Muscle insertion for...
Definition
Cardiac bundles
Term
Fibrous Skeleton: Blocks spread of ... directly from ... to ...
Definition
Electrical impulses, atria, ventricles.
Term
Blood flow through the heart: Composition
Definition
2 atria, 2 ventricles
Term
Blood flow through the heart: Atria
Definition
Receiving chambers of the heart
Term
Blood flow through the heart: Ventricles
Definition
Pumping chambers of the heart
Term
Blood flow through the heart: It is a ... double...
Definition
Muscular, pump
Term
Blood flow through the heart: Function
Definition
Pulmonary circuit, systemic circuit.
Term
Pulmonary circuit
Definition
Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs.
Term
Systemic circuit
Definition
Vessels that transport blood to and from body tissues.
Term
Blood flow through the heart: Blood coming from body regions superior to the diaphragm enters through the
Definition
Superior vena cava
Term
Blood flow through the heart: Blood coming from body regions inferior to the diaphragm enters through the
Definition
Inferior vena cava
Term
Blood flow through the heart: Step One
Definition
Right atrium receives blood returning from the systemic system which is oxygen-poor blood (CO2 rich)
Term
Blood flow through the heart: Step Two
Definition
Right Ventricle pumps oxygen poor blood out through the pulmonary arteries to the pulmonary circuit.
Term
Blood flow through the heart: Step 3
Definition
Left Atrium receives blood from pulmonary (lungs) system which is oxygen-rich blood (CO2 poor)
Term
Blood flow through the heart: Step 4
Definition
Left Ventricle pumps oxygen rich blood out to the systemic system through the aorta and branches.
Term
Blood flow through the heart: Two atria always ... together followed by the simultaneous ... of the ...
Definition
Contract, contraction, ventricles.
Term
Blood flow through the heart: Blood ... from the ... itself enters through the ...
Definition
Draining, heart walls, coronary sinus.
Term
Electrical Conduction: Cardiac cells have the ability to ... on their own, but ... usually starts with the ...
Definition
Contract, signal, sinoatrial node.
Term
Electrical Conduction: Measured by
Definition
EKG (Electrocardiography)
Term
Electrical Conduction: Sinoatrial node: Overview, beats per minute.
Definition
Considered the pacemaker, beats 70-80 bpm.
Term
Electrical Conduction: Sinoatrial node: Location
Definition
Superior/posterior wall of right atrium
Term
Electrical Conduction: Sinoatrial node: What it does
Definition
Produces signal that spreads electrical impulse across both atria.
Term
Electrical Conduction: Sinoatrial node: Valves are ...
Definition
Open
Term
Electrical Conduction: Internodal pathway
Definition
Some impulses spread through this area on the way to the atrioventricular node.
Term
Electrical Conduction: Atrioventricular node location
Definition
Inferior aspect of interatrial septum
Term
Electrical Conduction: Atrioventricular node function
Definition
Delays impulse so that atria contract first and ventricles finish filling.
Term
Electrical Conduction: Signal doesn't always travel through
Definition
Internodal pathway.
Term
Electrical Conduction: Atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His)
Definition
Located in interventricular septum (top)
Term
Electrical Conduction: Left/Right bundle branches
Definition
Branches from atrioventricular bundle, take signal to apex of heart.
Term
Electrical Conduction: Purkinje fibers (subendocardial branches) Location
Definition
Approach apex and turn into ventricular walls, located in between endocardium and myocardium.
Term
Electrical Conduction: Purkinje fibers what they are
Definition
Special cells (Purkinje myocytes) that maximize signal conduction.
Term
Electrical Conduction: Parasympathetic Innervation what it effects
Definition
Sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, coronary arteries.
Term
Electrical Conduction: Parasympathetic Innervation where it comes from
Definition
Vagus nerve branches (from neck and thorax)
Term
Electrical Conduction: Vagus Nerve function
Definition
Lowers heart rate
Term
Electrical Conduction: Sympathetic innervation what it effects
Definition
Sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, cardiac muscle.
Term
Electrical Conduction: Sympathetic innervation where it comes from
Definition
Cervical/upper thoracic spinal nerves.
Term
Electrical Conduction: Sympathetic innervation function
Definition
Increase rate and strength of contraction.
Term
Blood Supply to/from Heart: Blood inside chambers doesn't...
Definition
Supply heart muscle itself.
Term
Blood Supply to/from Heart: Right and Left coronary arteries...
Definition
Branch off of aorta to serve heart.
Term
Blood Supply to/from Heart: The ... colored vessels lie more... on the heart.
Definition
Lightly, posteriorly
Term
Blood Supply to/from Heart: Left coronary artery path
Definition
Branches into anterior interventricular artery and circumfles artery.
Term
Blood Supply to/from Heart: Left Coronary artery function
Definition
Supplies left atrium and ventricles.
Term
Blood Supply to/from Heart: Right coronary artery
Definition
Branches into marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery.
Term
Blood Supply to/from Heart: Right coronary artery function
Definition
Supplies right atrium and almost all of right ventricle.
Term
Blood Supply to/from Heart: Coronary sinus dumps into which chamber of the heart?
Definition
Right Atrium
Term
Blood Supply to/from Heart: Cardiac veins...
Definition
Return deoxygenated blood.
Term
Blood Supply to/from Heart: Cardiac veins path
Definition
Great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and small cardiac vein drain into coronary sinus. (Coronary sinus is largest)
Term
Someone dies every... from a coronary event.
Definition
60 seconds
Term
Coronary Artery Disease: List
Definition
Atherosclerosis, Arteriosclerosis, Coronary Artery Disease, Angina Pectoris, Myocardial infarction, (Silent) Ischemia
Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
Fatty deposits accumulate in body's arteries.
Term
Arteriosclerosis
Definition
Hardening/loss of elasticity of the arteries for any reason.
Term
Coronary Heart Disease
Definition
Arteries supplying the heart are blocked or narrowed (consequence of atherosclerosis)
Term
Angina Pectoris
Definition
Chest pain due to low oxygen supply to heart muscles.
Term
Myocardial infarction
Definition
Heart attack; complete or prolonged coronary artery blockage (cardiac muscle cells die due to lack of oxygen)
Term
(Silent) Ischemia
Definition
Heart blood flow is interrupted, but there is no pain involved.
Term
Heart Failure
Definition
Weakening of the heart
Term
Congestive heart failure
Definition
Heart enlarges and pumping efficiency decreases.
Term
Conduction system disorders: List
Definition
Arrhythmia, Fibrillation
Term
Arrhythmia
Definition
Variation from normal rhythm of heart.
Term
Fibrillation
Definition
Conduction system is disturbed.
Term
Fibrillation: Two types
Definition
Atrial or Ventricular fibrillation.
Term
Ventricular fibrillation
Definition
Random firing of electrical impulses within ventricle cardiac muscle, prevents coordinated contraction of ventricles, ventricles are unable to pump blood into the arteries.
Term
Atrial fibrillation
Definition
Multiple waves of impulses circulate, causing random stimulation of the atrioventricular node which then causes the ventricles to contract quickly and irregularly.
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