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| To fill government jobs on the basis of competitive exams. |
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| It initiated a realignment in the power of the two main political parties. |
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| Declared that separate but equal facilities were constitutional. |
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| The Presidency went back and forth from Republican to Democratic. None of these presidents had much power or were well known. Many of the people in office were very corrupt. |
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| It means shallow and glittery. |
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| Up to 82% of people register to vote. There are two reasons why: 1. Professional bureaucracy- congressional committees and the elite specialists. 2. Party realignment. |
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| This means that the government has a hands off approach in the economy. This gave industry a chance for expansion. The government was very corrupt at this time. |
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| In 1870s Congress was the dominant branch during this time. James G. Blaine was a very powerful and popular representative. Rep. Roscoe Conkling from New York who said government was all about patronage. In Congress for two decades and never drafted a bill. The two political parties never discussed the issues except for what they could benefit from. Elections will be very close and go back and forth. Dem/Rep/Dem/Rep. Rarely controlled both the White House and Congress. Most political interest will shift to the states. Presidents- 1877 Rutherford B. Hayes, 1881 James Garfield, 1881Chester A. Arthur, 1885 Grover Cleveland, 1889 Benjamin Harrison, 1894 Grover Cleveland. All did little to nothing. |
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| There were four major issues throughout the political parties: 1. Tariff- Republicans wanted a high tariff to protect industry. Democrats wanted low tariffs and less government involvement. Both sides were protecting individual aims. Tariff law becomes very confusing. Country becomes very dependent on the tariff; excise tax will be the number one source of income. 2. Money- During the Civil War there was no gold standard. Some want it in return. 1875 it gradually returns to the gold standard. 1878 Bland-Allison Act starts the coinage of silver coins. Will remain very controversial. 3. Civil Service Spoils system. Parties often gave jobs. Some will push for competitive examination. Some hope to improve jobs that others are trying to exclude people. Pendleton Act of 1883-system of merit exams for federal jobs. 4. Railroad reforms. |
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| Railroads, schools, temperance, and race were some issues in local politics at this time. Urban leaders wanted the vote of immigrants. |
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| Temperance and education are out. People turn to poverty and social reform. These were seen as problems that were larger than the others. |
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| Some see Christianity as the example, others as a means of superiority. Wealthy were morally superior so their class structure was OK. Carnegie was a huge supporter of this. Wealth was good, and needed, but must have a sense of moral responsibility to help. (Libraries) Charles Darwin's Origin of the Species said that the strong will survive, and the fittest move on. Some apply this to humans called Social Darwinism. Herbert Spencer said, "the whole effort of nature is to get rid of such as are unfit to clear the world of them and make room for better." This means it was pointless to end poverty. Anglo-Saxon race was superior and had reached the highest level. |
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| Charles Darwin's Origin of the Species said that the strong will survive, and the fittest move on. Some apply this to humans called Social Darwinism.Henry George, a social reformer, said progress was good, but at what social cost and loss of Christian values. Wants to break up monopolies and called for caring cooperation social regulation. "Fitting as many as possible to survive." Must help everyone |
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| Jane Addams started the Hull House. This was a settlement house. A lot of people turned to religion to help them through their problems. They thought that they should have cooperation rather than competition, self sacrifice rather than self interest. |
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| City governments were the most corrupt Rapid urban growth had over burdened city leaders. Poor water and sanitation due to lack of funds. Most will increase taxes and create a system of "Bossism" to give people jobs in return for votes and money to the party. Often pass on tips to real estate about improvements. Middle class reformers were upset about this system. Tried to expose corruption and ask for changes. A lot of the boss system was very discriminating. Most bosses worked with immigrants. Samuel Jones was a true reformer from this time. A rags to riches oil man who had the Golden Rule Factory; 8 hour workday and a two dollar a day minimum wage, cooperative insurance, 5% Christmas bonus, and a cafeteria with 15 cent meals. He will become the mayor of Toledo and tried to reform the city, but had little success. He set the stage for future reformers. |
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| Women are getting married later in life and less often. They used their niceness to help their cause for suffrage. in 1869 Wyoming gave women the right to vote. |
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| There are a lot of contrasts and crises in this era. There is a great sense of tension between the rich and the poor. |
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These are the things they wanted: 1. Pensions for civil war vets.
2. Trusts
3. Tariffs
4. Money questions
5. Rights for blacks
In 1880 the Sherman Anti-trust Act made it illegal to have a restraint of trade. Stopped large business combinations. Was used very little to start with. |
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| Started in Europe when the overseas buyers cut back. Europeans were not investing the U.S. Crop prices fall and wages will drop. Overproduction of RR and farm products and then stock prices will greatly fall. People want their paper money turned into gold. 1,600 businesses will fail along with the 500 banks. May 1st, 1893 the World Fair was held in Chicago to show the greatness of modern America while people are starving to death just blocks away. Chicago had 200 millionaires and 200,00 unemployed. |
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| Republican candidate is William McKinley who supports a protective tariff, gold standard, and had a huge support from Standard Oil. Democratic candidate, William Jennings Bryan, supported the silver standard and promoted small town values. Populists also nominated Bryan but with a different VP. Huge voter turnout. In some states it was as high as 95%. McKinley won easily. |
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| Republicans are seen as the party of prosperity and will dominate until the 1930s. Voter turnout will gradually decline and Republicans won most elections easily. McKinley takes office. The Asian wheat market fails and the U.S. prices will go up. Also gold will be found in Alaska and increase the money supply thus pulling the U.S out of the depression. McKinley will take an active role in politics and Congress, and was considered a modern day president. He deals not only with local, but also foreign issues. |
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