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Chapter 18
Blood Exam IV
126
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/20/2011

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Term
Circulatory System: Two sub systems
Definition
Cardiovascular system, Lymphatic system.
Term
Cardiovascular System: Overview
Definition
Blood, Heart, Blood Vessels.
Term
Blood Circulation: Route
Definition
Heart to Arteries, to Capillaries, to veins, to Heart.
Term
Blood Circulation: At Capillaries
Definition
Nutrients and O2 exit bloodstream, CO2 and cellular waste enter bloodstream.
Term
Blood composition
Definition
Connective tissue, 2 main components- cellular, liquid.
Term
Blood is ...% of body mass?
Definition
8
Term
Men have...L and women have...L of blood in them.
Definition
5-6, 4-5.
Term
Blood Composition
Definition
Plasma, Hematocrit, Formed elements (buffy coat, erythrocytes)
Term
Buffy coat
Definition
Leukocytes, Thrombocytes.
Term
Hematocrit (erythrocytes) % of whole blood in men and women
Definition
Men: 47 +/- 5%, Women: 42 +/- 5%
Term
Plasma: Composition
Definition
90% water, 10% of other molecules (>100)
Term
Plasma: Composition of other molecules
Definition
Ions, Nutrients, Hormones, Vitamins, Oxygen, Wastes, Proteins.
Term
Plasma: Ions
Definition
Na+, Cl-
Term
Plasma: Nutrients
Definition
Amino acids, simple sugars, lipids.
Term
Plasma: Wastes
Definition
Carbon dioxide, ammonia, urea.
Term
Plasma: Proteins
Definition
Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen.
Term
Plasma: Albumin
Definition
Keeps water in bloodstream
Term
Plasma: Globulin
Definition
Transport of iron, copper, and lipids.
Term
Plasma: Fibrinogen
Definition
Plasma protein involved in blood coagulation.
Term
Formed elements (blood cells) types of cells
Definition
Erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes.
Term
Formed elements: Overview
Definition
Originate in bone marrow, short life span.
Term
Erythrocytes (RBCs) Size and shape
Definition
Small, biconcave discs.
Term
Erythrocytes are good....
Definition
Measurement tools
Term
Erythrocytes is the ..... formed element. There are ... in adults?
Definition
Most numerous, 25 trillion
Term
Erythrocytes: There are no ... or ...
Definition
Nucleus, organelles.
Term
Erythrocytes are surrounded by a...
Definition
plasma membrane
Term
Erythrocytes: Cytoplasm contains...
Definition
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Term
Erythrocytes: ...% of erythrocytes that is not water is...
Definition
97, hemoglobin
Term
Erythrocytes: There are ...chains per hemoglobin molecule
Definition
4 amino acid
Term
Erythrocytes: Each amino acid chain has an... binding site for ...
Definition
iron atom, oxygen
Term
Erythrocytes: Hemoglobin also carries...% of the ... that's carried in the blood.
Definition
20, CO2
Term
Leukocytes (WBC's) Shape and number of them
Definition
Spherical, less numerous than RBC's
Term
Leukocyte: Function
Definition
Disease defense
Term
Leukocyte: Function in loose connective tissues
Definition
Attracted by chemicals in areas of infection, Diapedesis (leaping through), Amoeboid motion.
Term
Leukocyte: Bone Marrow
Definition
Releases WBC's continuously into the blood, stores and releases WBC's in large quantities during infections.
Term
Leukocytes: 2 classes of WBC's
Definition
Granulocytes, Agranulocytes
Term
Leukocytes: Granulocytes types
Definition
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils.
Term
Granulocytes: Composition
Definition
Granules and lobes
Term
Granulocytes: Life span and size
Definition
Shorter lived and larger than RBC's
Term
Granulocytes are
Definition
Phagocytic, and polymorphonuclear.
Term
Leukocytes: Agranulocytes types
Definition
Lymphocytes and monocytes.
Term
Leukocytes: Agranulocytes composition
Definition
Absence of obvious granules
Term
Neutrophils: Nomenclature
Definition
Neutral loving
Term
Neutrophils are the ... WBC
Definition
Most abundant
Term
Neutrophils multiply ...
Definition
lobed nucleus
Term
Neutrophils: Granules
Definition
membrane sacs with digestive enzymes.
Term
Neutrophils: Function
Definition
Consume and destroy bacteria, 1st line of defense vs infection, phagocytosis.
Term
Pus
Definition
Dead neutrophils, other leukocytes, tissue debris, and dead bacteria.
Term
Eosinophils: % of all leukocytes
Definition
1-4%
Term
Eosinophils: Location
Definition
Found in the wall of the digestive tube.
Term
Eosinophils: Nucleus
Definition
2 lobed nucleus
Term
Eosinophils: Granules
Definition
contain digestive enzymes
Term
Eosinophils: 2 things it responds to
Definition
Allergic reactions, parasitic infections.
Term
Eosinophils: Allergic reaction
Definition
Phagocytosis of allergens: consumes allergens, degrade histamine, stop reaction.
Term
Eosinophils: Parasitic infections
Definition
Attach to parasites, release enzymes, digest and destroy.
Term
Basophils make up what % of all leukocytes.
Definition
0.5%
Term
Basophils: Nucleus
Definition
2 lobed nucleus
Term
Basophils: Granules
Definition
contain histamine and molecules secreted to mediate inflammation.
Term
Basophils respond to two different things
Definition
Allergic and Parasitic responses
Term
Basophils: Mast cells
Definition
early stages of inflammation
Term
Basophils: Basophils
Definition
later stages of inflammation
Term
Lymphocytes make up what % of all leukocytes
Definition
20-45%
Term
Lymphocytes: Nucleus: Overview and what's it filled with.
Definition
Occupies the majority of the cell, filled with chromatin.
Term
Lymphocytes: Nucleus: Shape
Definition
Typically spherical.
Term
Lymphocytes: Nucleus: Surrounded by...
Definition
Thin layer of cytoplasm.
Term
Lymphocytes are classified by?
Definition
Size
Term
Lymphocytes: Function in connective tissue
Definition
Lymphoid, role in immunity.
Term
Lymphocytes are the...cells of the....
Definition
Important, immune system
Term
Lymphocytes: Immune function
Definition
each acts against specific foreign molecule.
Term
Lymphocytes: Antigen
Definition
Any molecule inducing response from leukocyte.
Term
Lymphocytes: 3 types of cells
Definition
T cells, B cells, Natural killer cells.
Term
Lymphocytes: T Cells
Definition
Cytotoxic (aka killer, CD8+ T lymphocyte) cells attack directly, bind to antigen-bearing cells, punch holes in membrane, cause cell death.
Term
Lymphocytes: T cells targets
Definition
Target "alien" cells that have nucleus, organelles.
Term
Lymphocytes: B cells
Definition
Differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies which bind to antigens and "flag" them for phagocytosis.
Term
Lymphocytes: B cells target
Definition
Bacteria, toxins.
Term
Lymphocytes: Natural killer cells
Definition
Rapid attack before entire immune response is generated.
Term
Monocytes make up what % of WBC's?
Definition
4-8%
Term
Monocytes: Nucleus
Definition
Typically horseshoe or kidney shaped.
Term
Monocytes: Is more ... than ...
Definition
cytoplasm, lymphocytes
Term
Monocytes: Granules
Definition
Can contain tiny granules.
Term
Monocytes: Once they go into... they transform into ...
Definition
Connective tissue, macrophages
Term
Monocytes: In CT characteristics.
Definition
Phagocytic, move by amoeboid motion, ingest foreign cells, molecules, tiny debris particles.
Term
Complete Blood Count: What it checks for
Definition
Hematocrit, hemoglobin, concentration ((per cubic mm) erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets.)
Term
Complete Blood Count: What it is
Definition
A blood test. Complete blood count with differential examines structural abnormalities.
Term
Platelets: Aka
Definition
Thrombocytes (clotting cells)
Term
Platelet: Shape and composition
Definition
Disc-shaped fragments with plasma membrane
Term
Platelet: Function
Definition
Limit bleeding
Term
Platelet: Limit bleeding, what it does
Definition
Plug tears in vessel walls, signal secretory granules, and to release thromboplastin for clotting.
Term
Platelets: Secretory granules signaled for
Definition
more platelets, vessel constriction, and to initiate inflammation.
Term
Clot
Definition
Fibrin, platelets, trapped blood cells.
Term
Thrombus
Definition
Clot that develops and stays (can block vessel)
Term
Embolus
Definition
A moving thrombus
Term
Formation of blood cells: Called
Definition
Hematopoiesis
Term
Formation of Blood Cells: Where and when it happens.
Definition
Occurs in RED bone marrow, and continues throughout life.
Term
Formation of Blood Cells: At birth...
Definition
All marrow is red.
Term
Formation of Blood Cells: Location of RED bone marrow in adults.
Definition
Axial skeleton, girdles, proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur.
Term
Formation of Blood Cells: Cells in red marrow are...
Definition
Mesenchymal stem cells.
Term
Formation of Blood Cells: Mesenchymal stem cells give rise to...
Definition
Fat cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, fibroblasts, and muscle cells.
Term
Formation of Blood Cells: Yellow marrow contains...
Definition
Fat cells
Term
Formation of Blood Cells: Yellow marrow only...
Definition
makes blood cells in emergencies
Term
Formation of Blood Cells: In adults, yellow marrow is located in....
Definition
All other regions of long bones.
Term
Cell lines: Overview
Definition
Blood cell formation occurs in stages
Term
Cell lines: All types of blood cells...
Definition
arise from the blood stem cell
Term
Cell lines: Two cell types
Definition
Lymphoid and Myeloid stem cells.
Term
Cell Lines: Lymphoid Stem Cells
Definition
Give rise to lymphocytes.
Term
Cell Lines: Myeloid Stem Cells
Definition
Give rise to all other blood cells.
Term
Erythrocyte Disorders:
Definition
Polycythemia, Anemia, Sickle Cell Disease.
Term
Polycythemia
Definition
Excess RBC's in blood, blood is too viscous (needs dilution)
Term
Anemia: Cause and what it really is
Definition
RBC or Hb levels are low. Caused by blood loss, iron deficiency.
Term
Anemia: Symptoms
Definition
include fatigue, shallowness of breath.
Term
Sickle Cell Disease: What it really is
Definition
Defect in Hb causes it to crystallize if O2 is low or if RBC's are dehydrated.
Term
Sickle Cell Disease: What happens as a result
Definition
It causes shape of RBC to distort.
Term
Sickle Cell Disease: Symptoms and rate
Definition
Bone and chest pain, stroke. Affects 1 in 400 African Americans.
Term
Leukocyte Disorder: Leukemia: What it is
Definition
Cancer from uncontrolled leukocyte formation.
Term
Leukemia: What it does
Definition
Cancer cells take over bone marrow, ruin normal blood cell production.
Term
Leukemia: Types
Definition
Lymphoblastic, Myeloblastic, Acute, Chronic
Term
Leukemia: Lymphoblastic
Definition
Immature lymph cells
Term
Leukemia: Myeloblastic
Definition
Immature cells from myeloid line
Term
Leukemia: Acute
Definition
Rapid development
Term
Leukemia: Chronic
Definition
Slowly developing
Term
Platelet disorder: Thrombocytopenia: What it is
Definition
Low concentration of platelets in blood
Term
Thrombocytopenia: What happens as a result
Definition
Internal bleeding, diminished clot formation.
Term
Thrombocytopenia: Causes
Definition
Can result from cancer treatment (chemotherapy), bone marrow damage.
Term
Thrombocytopenia: Spleen
Definition
is the organ that destroys platelets (and other blood cells)
Term
Erythrocyte: Diameter and thickness
Definition
7.5 nano meters and 2.0 nano meters
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