Term
Location and Orientation within the Thorax
Heart – weighs 250–__ grams cone-shaped, oblique position
___est organ of the mediastinum
Located between the lungs
Posterior to the sternum
Apex lies to the ___ of the midline
Base is the broad _____ surface |
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Definition
Location and Orientation within the Thorax
Heart – weighs 250–350 grams cone-shaped, oblique position
Largest organ of the mediastinum
Located between the lungs
Posterior to the sternum
Apex lies to the left of the midline
Base is the broad posterior surface |
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Term
The Heart
A muscular double pump
Pulmonary circuit – takes blood to and from the ___
Systemic circuit – vessels transport blood to and from _____
Atria – receive blood from the ___ and ____ circuits
Ventricles – the ____ chambers of the heart |
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Definition
The Heart
A muscular double pump
Pulmonary circuit – takes blood to and from the lungs
Systemic circuit – vessels transport blood to and from body tissues
Atria – receive blood from the pulmonary and systemic circuits
Ventricles – the pumping chambers of the heart |
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Term
The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
Four “Corners” of the Heart
Superior right point – at costal cartilage of ____ rib and sternum
Inferior right point– at costal cartilage of ___ rib lateral to the sternum
Superior left point– at costal cartilage of ___ rib lateral to the sternum
Inferior left point– lies in the ____ intercostal space at the ____ line |
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Definition
The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
Four “Corners” of the Heart
Superior right point – at costal cartilage of third rib and sternum
Inferior right point– at costal cartilage of sixth rib lateral to the sternum
Superior left point– at costal cartilage of second rib lateral to the sternum
Inferior left point– lies in the fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line |
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Term
Structure of the Heart – Layers of the Heart Wall
______:
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
_______:
Consists of cardiac muscle
Muscle arranged in circular and spiral patterns
________:
Endothelium resting on a layer of connective tissue
Lines the internal walls of the heart;
chamber lining & valves |
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Definition
Structure of the Heart – Layers of the Heart Wall
Epicardium
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
Myocardium
Consists of cardiac muscle
Muscle arranged in circular and spiral patterns
Endocardium
Endothelium resting on a layer of connective tissue
Lines the internal walls of the heart;
chamber lining & valves |
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Term
Pericardium -around the heart ____ layer sac that encloses the heart
Fibrous pericardium – ___ layer. Strong layer of __ connective tissue.Adheres to diaphragm inferiorly. Holds the heart in place, prevents _____
Serous pericardium – formed from ___ layers
Outer layer parietal layer of the ___ pericardium
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium or ___. Lies on the heart. Considered as part of the heart
Pericardial cavity slit like space between ___ and ___ pericardium
Lubricating film of serous fluid. Reduces friction of beating heart and outer wall of pericardial sac |
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Definition
Pericardium -around the heart tripled layer sac that encloses the heart
Fibrous pericardium – outer layer. Strong layer of dense connective tissue.Adheres to diaphragm inferiorly. prevents overstretching. Holds the heart in place
Serous pericardium – formed from two layers
Outer layer parietal layer of the serous pericardium
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium or epicardium. Lies on the heart. Considered as part of the heart
Pericardial cavity slit like space between fibrous and serous pericardium
Lubricating film of serous fluid. Reduces friction of beating heart and outer wall of pericardial sac |
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Term
Walls differ in thickness
Atria – ___ walls
Ventricles – ____ walls |
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Definition
Walls differ in thickness
Atria – thin walls
Ventricles – thick walls |
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Term
Left ventricle – three times ____ than right
Exerts ____ pumping force
Flattens right ventricle into a ____ shape |
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Definition
Left ventricle – three times thicker than right
Exerts more pumping force
Flattens right ventricle into a crescent shape |
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Term
Internal divisions
Two atria and two ventricles
Inter___ and inter_____ septa (septum) |
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Definition
Internal divisions
Two atria and two ventricles
Interventricular and interatrial septa (septum) |
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Term
External markings
___ sulcus; between the atria and the ventricles
______ sulcus; anterior position of the interventricular septum between the two _______ sulcus; separates the two ventricles on inferior surface of the heart |
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Definition
External markings
Coronary sulcus; between the atria and the ventricles
Anterior interventricular sulcus; anterior positionof the interventricular septum between the two ventricles
Posterior interventricular sulcus; separates the two ventricles on inferiro surface of the heart |
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Term
Right atrium receives O2-___ blood from the ____ circuit
3 veins - superior and inferior ____ ,+ ____ sinus
Right auricle external
Right ventricle receives blood from the right ___ and pumps it into the ___ circuit via the pulmonary ___ (artery)
Externally it forms most of the ____ surface of the heart
____valve (atrioventricular valve) opening between atrium and ventricle
____ valve opening between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk |
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Definition
Right atrium receives O2-poor blood from the systemic circuit
3 veins - superior and inferior vena cava (SVC IVC), coronary sinus
Right auricle external
Right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary circuit via the pulmonary trunk (artery)
Externally it forms most of the anterior surface of the heart
Tricuspid valve (atrioventricular valve) opening between atrium and ventricle
Pulmonary valve opening between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk |
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Term
Left atrium makes most of the heart ___ surface receives O2-___ blood from the __ via two right and two left ___ veins
Left auricle
___ valve(atrioventricular) opening between atrium and ventricle
Left ventricle forms the ____ of the heart. Pumps blood into the ___circuit via the aorta via the ____ valve (aortic valve) |
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Definition
Left atrium makes most of the heart posterior surface receives O2-rich blood from the lungs via two right and two left pulmonary veins
Left auricle
Mitral valve(atrioventricular) opening between atrium and ventricle
Left ventricle forms the apex of the heart. Pumps blood into the systemic circuit via the aorta via the semilunar valve (aortic valve) |
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Term
Right Atrium
Forms right border of heart
Receives blood from ____ circuit
_____ muscles
Ridges inside anterior of right atrium
_____ terminalis
Landmark used to locate veins entering right atrium
____ ovalis
Depression in interatrial septum
Remnant of foramen ovale |
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Definition
Right Atrium
Forms right border of heart
Receives blood from systemic circuit
Pectinate muscles
Ridges inside anterior of right atrium
Crista terminalis
Landmark used to locate veins entering right atrium
Fossa ovalis
Depression in interatrial septum
Remnant of foramen ovale |
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Term
____ beats/minute at rest
Systole – _______
Diastole – ______
Systole and diastole also refer to:
Stage of heartbeat when ventricles contract and expand |
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Definition
70–80 beats/minute at rest
Systole – contraction
Diastole – expansion
Systole and diastole also refer to:
Stage of heartbeat when ventricles contract and expand |
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Term
Heart Valves – Valve Structure
Each valve composed of:
_____ with connective tissue core
____ (AV) valves – between atria and ventricles
___ and ____ valves – at junction of ventricles and great arteries |
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Definition
Heart Valves – Valve Structure
Each valve composed of:
Endocardium with connective tissue core
Atrioventricular (AV) valves – between atria and ventricles
Aortic and pulmonary valves – at junction of ventricles and great arteries |
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Term
“Lub-dup” – sound of valves closing
First sound “lub” – the ___ valves closing
Second sound “dup” – the ____ valves closing |
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Definition
“Lub-dup” – sound of valves closing
First sound “lub” – the AV valves closing
Second sound “dup” – the semilunar valves closing |
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Term
Each valve sound – best heard near a different heart corner
____ valve – superior left corner
____ valve – superior right corner
____ (bicuspid) valve– at the apex
____ valve – inferior right corner |
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Definition
Each valve sound – best heard near a different heart corner
Pulmonary valve – superior left corner
Aortic valve – superior right corner
Mitral (bicuspid) valve– at the apex
Tricuspid valve – inferior right corner |
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Term
Fibrous Skeleton
Surrounds all four valves
Composed of dense connective tissue
Functions
Anchors valve cusps
Prevents ____ of valve openings
Main point of ____ for cardiac muscle
Blocks direct spread of _____ |
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Definition
Fibrous Skeleton
Surrounds all four valves
Composed of dense connective tissue
Functions
Anchors valve cusps
Prevents overdilation of valve openings
Main point of insertion for cardiac muscle
Blocks direct spread of electrical impulses |
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Term
Conducting System
Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to:
Generate and conduct __
Signal these cells to ____ rhythmically
Conducting system
A series of specialized cardiac muscle cells
___ (SA) node sets the inherent rate of contraction |
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Definition
Conducting System
Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to:
Generate and conduct impulses
Signal these cells to contract rhythmically
Conducting system
A series of specialized cardiac muscle cells
Sinoatrial (SA) node sets the inherent rate of contraction |
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Term
Heart rate is altered by external controls
Nerves to the heart include:
Visceral ____ fibers
Parasympathetic branches of the ___nerve
Sympathetic fibers – from ___ and upper thoracic chain _____ |
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Definition
Heart rate is altered by external controls
Nerves to the heart include:
Visceral sensory fibers
Parasympathetic branches of the vagus nerve
Sympathetic fibers – from cervical and upper thoracic chain ganglia |
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Term
Blood Supply to the Heart
Functional blood supply
___ arteries
Arise from the ____
Located in the ____ sulcus
Main branches
Left and right _____ arteries |
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Definition
Blood Supply to the Heart
Functional blood supply
Coronary arteries
Arise from the aorta
Located in the coronary sulcus
Main branches
Left and right coronary arteries |
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Term
The Heart Throughout Life
Blood vessels
Begin as condensations of mesodermal ____
Embryonic heart
Pair of __ fuse at day ___
Heart starts pumping at day __
____develop along heart tube |
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Definition
Blood Supply to the Heart
The Heart Throughout Life
Blood vessels
Begin as condensations of mesodermal mesenchyme
Embryonic heart
Pair of tubes fuse at day 21
Heart starts pumping at day 22
Bulges develop along heart tube |
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Term
The Heart in Adulthood and Old Age
Age-related changes
____ and ____ of valve cusps
Decline in cardiac ____
____ control over heart is less efficient
Less severe in the physically active
Fibrosis of cardiac muscle tissue
Lowers the amount of___ the heart can pump |
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Definition
The Heart in Adulthood and Old Age
Age-related changes
Hardening and thickening of valve cusps
Decline in cardiac reserve
Sympathetic control over heart is less efficient
Less severe in the physically active
Fibrosis of cardiac muscle tissue
Lowers the amount of blood the heart can pump |
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