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| King of France (1715–74). An orphan from age three, Louis succeeded to the throne on the death of his great-grandfather Louis XIV (1715), under the regency of Philippe II, duke d'Orléans (1674–1723). His marriage to Princess Marie Leszczynska of Poland (1703–68) in 1725 led to France's involvement in the War of the Polish Succession (1733–38). |
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The Russian empress Catherine II, known as Catherine the Great, reigned from 1762 to 1796. She expanded the Russian Empire, improved administration, and energetically pursued the policy of Westernization (the process of changing to western ideas and traditions). Under her rule Russia grew strong and rivaled the great powers of Europe and Asia.
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| second Prussia king who transformed his country from a second-rate power into the efficient and prosperous state that his son and successor, Frederick II the Great, made a major military power on the Continent.king of Prussia, Frederick William grew up at a glamorous court, but his own temperament was ascetic, and he disapproved of the court’s dissolute atmosphere. In 1706 he married Sophia Dorothea, the daughter of George Louis, elector of Hanover (later George I of England). His experiences in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14) decisively shaped his future, leading him to realize that the army was his vocation. Leopold I, prince of Anhalt-Dessau, who commanded the Prussian contingent in that war, became his lifelong friend and principal adviser in military matters |
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| The Common law f the first-born son to inherit the entire estate, to the exclusion of younger siblings. According to the Norman tradition, the first-born son inherited the entirety of a parent's wealth, estate, title or office and then would be responsible for any further passing of the inheritance to his siblings. In the absence of children, inheritance passed to the collateral relatives, in order of Seniority of the collateral line. |
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| 1754–93, king of France (1774–92), third son of the dauphin (Louis) and Marie Josèphe of Saxony, grandson and successor of King Louis XV. In 1770 he married the Austrian archduchess Marie Antoinette. His early attempts to enact reforms and to appoint competent and upright ministers met with general approval, but his character was unsuited to provide the leadership needed to control the complex social and political conflict smoldering in France. Shy, dull, and corpulent, he preferred the hunting field and his locksmith's workshop to the council chamber; indecisiveness made him subject to the poor advice of his intimates |
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| was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I He was thus the first ruler in the Austrian dominions of the House of Lorraine, styled Habsburg-Lorraine (von Habsburg-Lothringen in German). Joseph was a proponent of enlightened absolutism; however, his commitment to modernizing reforms subsequently engendered significant opposition, which eventually culminated in an ultimate failure to fully implement his programmes. He has been ranked, with Catherine II of Russia and Frederick II of Prussia, as one of the three great Enlightenment despots |
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| The Russian Cossack soldier Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev (1742-1775) led the peasant rebellion in Russia in 1773-1775. In 1770, during a Russo-Turkish conflict in which he was serving, he was given a temporary leave and, at its expiration, refused to return to his regiment. Arrested, he managed to escape, thus beginning his life as a strong-willed fugitive. |
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| Tull was an agricultural pioneer and the inventor of the seed drill, a major development in the agricultural revolution. |
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1640-1680
Beginning of large-scale introduction of African slave labor in the British Caribbean for sugar production
This was a beginging of agriculture revolution because they would use these slave to pick or chop sugar canes which was very popular in those times |
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1st Earl of Orford (August 26, 1676 - March 18, 1745) is generally regarded as the first British Prime Minister and is credited with having the longest term of office. Walpole served from 1721-42 -- during the reigns of George I and George II.
Walpole's political dealing, and his political power, led to a unification of opposition forces on a scale that had rarely been seen before. He was perhaps the most satirized politician in the entire 18th century. Most notably, after the success of John Gay's The Beggar's Opera, he was often compared with the master criminal Jonathan Wild (most notably in Henry Fielding's work of the same name). Walpole could count Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, John Gay, Henry Fielding, and even Samuel Johnson among his enemies.
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| this was a big problem for children of the 18 century, lots of children were dying |
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| Was an industry where they make home supplies, cloth, and textiles which were very popular. |
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was a Scottish economist who believed that money was only a means of exchange and did not constitute wealth in itself, national wealth depended on trade.
Law urged the establishment of a national bank to create and increase instruments of credit, and the issue of paper money backed by land, gold, or silver. He had the almost socialist idea of abolishing minor monopolies and private farming of taxes and creating a bank for national finance and a state company for commerce and ultimately exclude all private venue. This would create a huge monopoly of finance and trade run by the state, and its profits would pay off the national debt. |
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| The War of the Austrian Succession |
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| In 1740 the deaths of two European monarchs plunged the continent into war. Frederick William I, the “sergeant major” King of Prussia, died on 31st May 1740. On his death the Prussian throne passed to his ruthlessly ambitious son, Frederick. With the crown, Frederick inherited the most advanced army in Europe supported by a state bureaucracy of unrivalled efficiency, institutions his father had spent a lifetime perfecting. The opportunity for Frederick, soon to be known as “The Great”, to use these instruments arose with the second death in that year. |
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| Catherine the Great created the Instruction, written as a guide to the deliberations, she questioned the institution of serfdom, toture and capital punishment. |
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| During the war of the Seven Year's War the British had series of victories and were taking over many lands and the French were forced but to have the treaty of paris. by this Peace treaty they ceded Canda and the lands east of Missippi to Britain. |
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| The nobility or landed aristocracey known ad junkers, who own large estates with many serfs |
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| Rousseau's enlightment thought that change the rate of survival of children. |
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| founded in 1694, unlike other banks accustomed to recieving deposits and exchanging foriegn currencies, this bank also made loans. |
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| Since the ministers were responsible for exercising the kingd partsonage, who became his chief ministers took on great political significance. In 1714, a new dynasty-The Hanoverians was established when the last stuart ruler, Queen Anne died without a hier. |
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| was which aristocrats sonss complete their education by touring the major cities in England. |
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