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Chapter 18
APUSH
39
History
11th Grade
01/11/2010

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Air Brake
Definition

  • George Westinghouse
  • enabled engineer to apply brakes to all cars simultaneously
  • helped increase size and speed of trains

Term
Alexander Graham Bell
Definition

  • invented the telephone
  • American Telephone & Telephone Company dominated business
  • led to high speed, urban civilization

Term
American Federation of Labor
Definition

  • combo of national craft unions
  • leaders= Strasser & Gompers, originally interested in social reforms
  • fought for shorter hours and higher wages
  • accepted fact that most workers would remain wage earners
  • chief weapon= strikes
  • avoided direct involvement in politics

Term
Anarchist
Definition

  • didn't believe in organized government
  • supported 8 hour work day
  • involved in Square Haymarket Riot

Term
Andrew Carnegie
Definition

  • dominated steel industry
  • built J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works- made steel
  • bought out competition, mines, and steel plants
  • bought out by JP Morgan-> US Steel
  • wanted to retire and do philanthropic work

Term
Bessemer Process
Definition

  • easy way to produce steal
  • before invention steal couldn't be used for bulky products
  • enabled producers to closely control quality

Term
Collective Bargaining
Definition

  • negotiations between reps/owners and employees to decide on wages, hours, & working conditions
  • most employers refused to negotiate w/ union reps

Term
Edward Bellamy
Definition

  • wrote utopian novel- Looking Backward
  • described socialized american future
  • ideal socialist state would arrive with rev/violence

Term
General Electric
Definition

  • formed by Edison & Thomson-Houston cos.
  • manufactured bulbs, electrical equipment, and distribution of electricity
  • competitor= Westinghouse

Term
George B. Eastman
Definition

  • developed mass-produced photographic film finish
  • easily used in Kodak camera

Term
Granger Laws
Definition

  • laws to regulate RR and grain warehouse rates
  • laws upheld in Munn v. Illinois

Term
Haymarket Riot
Definition

  • striker killed at McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.
  • anarchists held protest meeting
  • police broke up meeting and a man threw a bomb
  • 7 police men killed
  • public horrified, harmed support of labor unions

Term
Henry Demarest Lloyd
Definition

  • wrote Wealth Against Commonwealth
  • denounced Standard Oil Co.
  • denounced social darwinism 
  • condemned laissez-faire 

Term
Henry George
Definition

  • progress and poverty: attack on uneven distribution of wealth
  • labor=true and only source of capital
  • "single tax"- proposed property tax, no other tax would be necessary
  • could use tax for social and cultural services
  • single tax clubs were created

Term
Homestead Strike
Definition

  • Carnegie's steel plant near pittsburgh
  • boss= Frick, brought in strikebreakers & pinkerton detectives
  • strikers attacked private guards
  • struggle between capital and labor
  • turned the public against steel workers

Term
Injunction
Definition

  • courts used injunctions to end strikes

Term
Interstate Commerce Act
Definition

 

  • all charges made by RR "shall be reasonable and just"
  • rebates, drawbacks, long-and-short-haul evil=unlawful
  • ineffective 
  • challenged idea of laissez-faire

 

Term
Interstate Commerce Commission
Definition

  • creates by interstate commerce act
  • 1st federal regulatory board
  • supervise affairs of RR, investigate complaints, & issue cease/desist orders when roads acted illegally

Term
J. Pierpont Morgan
Definition

 

  • JP Morgan & Co.
  • controlled many banks
  • RRs
  • steel, electrical, agricultural machinery, rubber, and shipping companies
  • life insurance co.

 

Term
John D. Rockefeller
Definition

 

  • founded Standard Oil Co.
  • controlled 90% of nation's oil refineries
  • also owned pipelines & petroleum reserves
  • cut local prices to force out small independents
  • created the trust

 

Term
Knights of Labor
Definition

  • founded by group of philly garment workers
  • leader= Uriah S. Stephens
  • didn't want to solve a specific problem
  • believed ppl could advance up economic ladder
  • attacked wage system and frowned upon strikes
  • rejected grouping workers by craft
  • welcomed blacks, women, immigrants, and unskilled workers
  • wanted 8 hour day

Term
Long and short haul inequality
Definition

  • cheaper to ship long distances than short because of rebates

Term
Mesabi Range
Definition

 

  • large iron concentration
  • could be mined w/ a shovel like gravel

 

Term
Munn V. Illinois
Definition

  • grain elevator whose owner refused to comply with state warehouse act
  • supreme court up help constitutionality of act

Term
National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry
Definition

  • enforced strict RR regulations
  • founded by Oliver H. Kelley
  • wanted to provide social/cultural benefits for isolated rural communities
  • Granger-controlled leg. est. "reasonable" maximum rates & outlawed "unjust discrimination

Term
National Labor Union
Definition

 

  • still existent
  • only skilled workers

 

Term
New York Central Railroad
Definition

  • albany to buffalo
  • passed in to hands of Vanderbilt
  • by death, RR went from NYC to most midwest cities

Term
Pullman Strike
Definition

 

  • workers at Pullman's Palace Car factory protested wage cuts
  • some workers belonged to American Railway Union, headed by Debs
  • union voted to refuse to run trains with pullman cars
  • refused to move mail trains- federal crime
  • President Cleveland sent in troops
  • Debs sent to jail

 

Term
Rebates
Definition

  • used by RR to increase volume
  • given to large shippers 
  • made sense: easier to handle freight in carload lots than smaller units
  • some times gave rebates that were too large
  • officials disliked practice but no way to avoid

Term
Samueal Gompers
Definition

  • leader of AFL
  • encouraged workers to make intelligent use of ballot
  • produced solid growth of AFL

Term
Sherman Antitrust Act
Definition

  • any trust in restraint of trade/commerce among several states or foreign nations=illegal
  • ppl forming trusts subject to large fines & a year in jail
  • supposed to restore competition
  • loosely worded

Term
Socialist Labor Party
Definition

  • leader= Daniel De Leon, nominated for governor of NY
  • ideas of european socialists

Term
Standard Oil Company
Definition

 

  • founded by Rockefeller
  • *see note cards on rockefeller and trust

 

Term
Thomas A. Edison
Definition

  • Western Union tried to compete w/ Bell
  • Movie projector, phonograph, storage battery
  • incandescent lamp/lightbulb
  • "wizard of menlo park"
  • Edison Illuminating Co- opened power station in NY

Term
Thomas A. Scott
Definition

  • fused roads to Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis, and Chicago to PA RR 
  • line reached NY, Baltimore, DC

Term
Trust
Definition

  • Rockefeller's monopoly was turned over to 9 trustees
  • brought order to petroleum business
  • stock holders received trust certificates
  • competition disappeared and prices steadied
  • trust became synonym for monopoly

Term
U.S. v E.C. Knight Company
Definition

  • ruled that American Sugar Refining Co. did not violate law by taking over some competitors
  • Sugar Trust controlled 98% of sugar refineries, but not restraining trade

Term
Utopian
Definition

  • National Labor Union
  • Knights of Labor

Term
time zones
Definition

  • developed by railroads
  • needed a standard time b/c RR were interconnected across the country

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