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Chapter 18 - Endocrine System 2
This is an overview of glands and hormones
48
Anatomy
Post-Graduate
07/06/2011

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Term

Hypothalamus regulates _____ pituitary secretion of ___ hormones?[image]

Definition

Anterior; 9

 

Term

_________ and ______ originate in the hypothalamus and are stored in the posterior pituitary [image]

Definition
Antidiuretic Hormone; Oxytocin
Term

The thyroid secretes _____, _____, and _____

[image]

Definition
thyroxine, calcitonin, and triiodothyronine
Term
The adrenal cortex secretes _____, _____, and _____[image]
Definition
Mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens
Term
The adrenal medulla secretes _____ and _____[image]
Definition
epinephrine, norepinephrine
Term
Parathyroid gland secretes _____, which regulates _____, _____, and _____ ion levels[image]
Definition
parathyroid hormone; calcium, magnesium, phospate
Term

Pancreatic islets regulate _____ _____ _____ by secreting _____ and _____

[image]

Definition
blood glucose levels; glucagon; insulin
Term
Ovaries produce _____, _____, and _____[image]
Definition
estrogen; progesterone; inhibin
Term
Testes produce _____ and _____[image]
Definition
testosterone; inhibin
Term
_____ gland secretes _____, which contributes to setting the body's biological clock[image]
Definition
Pineal; melatonin
Term

Overview of Endocrine System

[image]

Definition

metabolism

food intake and digestion

tissue maturation

ion regulation

water balance

bloood glucose

reproductive functions

uterine contractions and milk release

immune system regulation

Term

The gross anatomical structures of the pituitary gland include (4):

[image]

Definition
infundibulum; pituitary gland (anterior & posterior), optic chiasm; mamillary bodies
Term

_____ connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus

[image]

Definition
Infundibulum
Term

Hormones of the anterior pituitary are (9)

[image]

Definition

growth hormone

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

lipotropins

Beta endorphins

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)

Term
Antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the _____ pituitary; list two factors that lead to the secretion of ADH
Definition

posterior;

decrease in blood pressure

increase in blood osmolality (electrolyte concentration)

Term
Increase in antidiuretic hormone causes _____ _____ _____
Definition
increased water reabsorption
Term

Growth hormone is secreted by the _____ pituitary and causes the following changes (5):

 

[image]

Definition

anterior;

increased growth in tissues

increased amino acid uptake and protein synthesis

increased breakdown of lipids

increased glycogen synthesis and blood glucose

increased somatomedin production

Term

Oxytocin is secreted by the _____ pituitary; it has the following functions (2)

 

 

Definition

anterior;

increase uterine contraction during childbirth

increased milk expulsion from mammary glands

Term
Thyroid stimulating hormone is secreted by the _____ pituitary and increases _____ hormone secretion
Definition

anterior;

thyroid

Term
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by the _____ pituitary , the target tissue is _____, and the response is _____ _____ _____ _____
Definition

anterior;

adrenal cortex;

increased glucocorticoid hormone secretion

Term
The _____ pituitary produces luteinizing hormone, which acts on the _____ or the _____, and does what for each sex?
Definition

anterior;

ovaries or testes;

 

male - testosterone synthesis, sperm production support

 

female - ovulation and progesterone production in ovaries

Term
The _____ pituitary synthesizes follicle-stimulating hormone, which does what in males and females?
Definition

anterior;

female - follicle maturation and estrogen secretion

male - sperm cell production

Term
List the hormones of the hypothalamus (7); what is their target?
Definition

growth hormone releasing hormone

growth hormone inhibiting hormone

thyrotropin releasing hormone

corticotropin releasing hormone

gonadotrophin  releasing hormone

prolactine releasing hormone

prolactin inhibiting hormone;

anterior pituitary

Term
The anterior pituitary receives neurohormonal input from the hypothalamus via the _____ portal system ; the posterior posterior pituitary has axons in the _____ and is connected via the _____ tract (no portal system)
Definition

hypothalamohypophysial portal system;

hypothalamus;

hypothalamohypophysial tract

Term
Thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine) have what functions (2) and act on which target?
Definition

increased metabolic rate;

essential for normal growth and maturation;

most bodily tissues

Term
The thyroid also produces _____, which acts on bone by _____, which results in decreased blood calcium and phosphate levels
Definition

calcitonin;

decreasing osteoclast activity

Term
The parathyroid produces _____ _____, which works to increase blood calcium levels by _____ osteoclast activity and releasing calcium in the blood
Definition

parathyroid hormone;

increasing

Term
The adrenal medulla produces _____ and _____, which are involved with the sympathetic nervous system, and has what 5 functions?
Definition

epinephrine

norepinephrine

1. increased cardiac output

2.increased blood flow to skeletal muscles, heart

3. vasoconstriction

4. release of glucose + fatty acids in blood

5. preparation for physical activity

Term
The adrenal cortex produces what 3 classes of hormones (example)?
Definition

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

androgens

Term
Aldosterone acts upon the _____, and what is the role of aldosterone?
Definition

kidneys

increased sodium reabsorption and potassium/hydrogen ion excretion;

enhanced water reabsorption

Term
Glucocorticoids act upon _____ tissues; what are the functions of this sympathetic nervous system agent?
Definition

most;

increased protein and fat breakdown

increased glucose production

inhibition of immune response

decreased inflammation

Term
The zona glomerulosa secretes _____, which is important for enhanced water reabsorption
Definition
aldosterone
Term
The zona fasciculata secretes _____, which is important for sympathetic nervous system activity
Definition
cortisol
Term
The zona reticularis secretes _____, which are important for development of axillary hair and sex drive in women
Definition
androgens
Term
The pancreas secretes _____ and _____
Definition
insulin and glucagon
Term
_____ secrete insulin, which is important for increased uptake and use of glucose and amino acids
Definition
Beta cells
Term
_____ cells secrete glucagon, which is important for increased breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into circulatory syste
Definition
Alpha
Term
_____ cells secrete somatostatin, which important for inhibition of glucagon and insulin synthesis
Definition
Delta
Term
Insulin acts upon the _____, _____, and _____
Definition
liver, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue
Term
Glucagon acts upon the _____
Definition
liver
Term
Anterior Pituitary - secretory cells[image]
Definition
Term

Posterior pituitary - axon terminals

[image]

Definition
Term

Thyroid histology - spheric thyroid follicles with thyroglobin

[image]

Definition
Term
Parathyroid histology - secretory cells
Definition
Term

Thyroid and parathyroid histology

[image]

Definition
Term

Parathyroid glands

[image]

Definition
Term

Adrenal glands

[image]

Definition
Term

Pancreas histology

[image]

Definition
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