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Chapter 18 endocrine system
endocrine system lecture
93
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
05/04/2011

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Term
System of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone to regulate the body
Definition
endocrine system
Term
Mood, growth, development, tissue function and metabolism of organisms are regulated by what?
Definition
Hormones
Term
Cell signaling via gap junctions typically involves the movement of?
Definition
Ions
Term
Signaling cell release a chemical messenger that binds to a receptor on the target cell and activates a signal transduction pathway is which type of cell signaling?
Definition
Indirect
Term
Diffusion to a nearby cell
Definition
Paracrine
Term
diffusion back to the signaling cell
Definition
autocrine
Term
paracrine and autocrine are two types of short distance ______ cell signaling.
Definition
short distance
Term
Endocrine and neural are both ____ distance cell signaling.
Definition
long
Term
In endocrine cell signaling a ___ is transported by the circulatory system.
Definition
hormone
Term
In neural cell signaling electrical signals travel along a neuron and release a __.
Definition
neurotransmitter
Term
3 steps of indirect signaling...
1. Release of _____ ie hormone from the signaling cell.
2.Transport of the messenger through the ____ environment to the target cell.
3. Communication of the signal to the target cell.
Definition
chemical messenger;extracellular
Term
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic are two types of what?
Definition
Messengers
Term
________ messenger can cross the cell membrane by diffusion.
Definition
Hydophobic
Term
_____ messenger cannot cross the targer cell membrane.It must bind to a receptor.
Definition
Hydrophilic
Term
Hydrophobic are ____ soluble.
Definition
lipid
Term
A chemical released by one or more cells that affects cells in other parts of the organism are what?
Definition
hormones
Term
_______ of a particular hormone in a particular tissue.
Definition
biosynthesis
Term
_____ and secretion of the hormone.
Definition
storage
Term
_____ of the hormone to the target cells.
Definition
transport
Term
_____ of the hormone by an associated cell membrane or intracellular receptor protein.
Definition
recognition
Term
______ and ampliflication of the recieved hormonal signal via a signal transduction process (process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another) this leads to a cellular response.
Definition
relay
Term
the last step in hormonal signaling is _____ of the hormone.
Definition
degradation
Term
A protein molecule to which a particular molecule binds stongly
Definition
hormone receptor
Term
hormone receptors responds to several different ______.
Definition
hormones
Term
Different tissues have different _______ of receptors.
Definition
combinations
Term
Presence or absence of specific _____ determines hormonal sensitivity.
Definition
receptor
Term
_______ activate receptors.
Definition
Agonists
Term
________ block receptors.
Definition
antagonists
Term
The more receptors for a hormone the _____ the response.
Definition
greater
Term
The higher the affinity constant (Ka) the ______ the response to receptors from homone action.
Definition
Greater
Term
These are types of what? Ligand-gated ion channel, receptor enzyme, G-protein couple receptor
Definition
receptors
Term
Which type of receptor uses the second messenger system?
Definition
G protein
Term
The ________ mechanism of hormone action operates by binding to specific receptors and employing the services of ______.
Definition
second messenger;G proteins
Term
What is an enzyme complex that is coupled to membrane receptor?
Definition
G protein
Term
These are involved in the link between the first messenger (hormone) and the ______.
cyclic AMP(cAMP)- from ATP
cyclic GMP (cGMP)- from GTP
Calcium Ions
Definition
second messenger
Term
Hormone (1st mess) binds to _______.
Receptor activates G protein.
G protein activates adenylate cyclase.
Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to ____.(2nd mess)
cAMP activates protein kinases.
Definition
receptor;cAMP
Term
In G protein couple receptors IP3 diffuses into the cytoplasm and trigger a release of what from the intracellular reserves ie Smooth ER
Definition
Calcium
Term
Peptide hormones are _____.
Definition
Proteins
Term
Peptide hormones are proteins and they are hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Definition
Hydrophilic
Term
Peptide hormones are synthesized on the rough ER.
Stored in _____.
Leave signaling cell via ______.
They are hydrophilic so they _____ cross the target cell membrane.
Bind to _____.
______ effect on cells.
Definition
vesicles;exocytosis;cannot;receptors;rapid
Term
Steroid and thyroid hormones must be synthesized on ______.
Definition
demand
Term
steroid and thyroid hormones are transported to target cell by ______.
Definition
carrier proteins
Term
steroid and thyroid hormones have ____ effects on the target cells. (regulate transcription)
Definition
slow
Term
steroid and thyroid hormones are ______. They ____ pass through the plasma membrane.
Definition
hydrophobic
Term
steroid and thyroid hormones _____ be stored within the cell.
Definition
cannot
Term
Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the _____ or ______.
Definition
cytoplasm or nucleus
Term
______ hormones exert their action by finding an appropriate cell receptor and iniating ______ activity and entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the ____ of a gene.
Definition
steroid;second messenger;expression
Term
any change or deviation from the normal range of function is opposed or resisted. Maintains homeostatis.
Definition
negative feedback
Term
Designed to accelerate or enhance the output created by a stimulus that has already been activated. Moves away from normal levels.
Definition
positive feedback
Term
The parathyroid hormone _____ osteoblasts
Definition
inhibits
Term
Examples of low plasma calcium and eating a meal are examples of which feedback system?
Definition
negative
Term
Which gland releases nine important peptide hormones?
Definition
pituitary
Term
the pituitary gland release ____ important ____ hormones.
Hormones bind to membrane _____.
Use _____ as second messenger.
Definition
nine;peptide;receptors;cAMP
Term
What gland is also called hypophysis?
Definition
pituitary
Term
The ______ release of hormones stimulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus.
Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
Anterior pituitary is regulated by....
Definition
neg feedback
Term
This gland does not synthesize hormones and stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus.
Definition
Posterior pituitary
Term
This hormone of the anterior pituitary stimulates secretion of insulin like growth factors that promote growth, protein synthesis
Definition
Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
Term
hGH on skeletal...Increased _____ formation and skeletal growth.
Definition
cartilage
Term
hGH on fat... _____ fat breakdown and release.
Definition
increased
Term
hGH on carb metabolism..... increased blood ____ and other anti-insulin effects.
Definition
glucose
Term
Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH) Decrease urine production by causing the kidneys to return more water to the ____.
Also decreases ______ loss through sweating and constriction of arterioles which _______ blood pressure.
Definition
blood;water;increases
Term
ADH is from which gland?
Definition
posterior pituitary
Term
ADH is stimulated by ____ blood osmotic pressure.
Definition
high
Term
__________ is used by the thyroid to produce the thyroid hormones T4 and T3.
Definition
Thyroglobulin/Globular protein
Term
ADH is inhibited by ______.
Definition
Alcohol
Term
Increase basal metabolic rate.
Stimulate synthesis of Na/K/ATPase
Increase body temp
stimulate protein synthesis
Increase the use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production.
Stimulate lipolysis
All of these are actions of what hormone?
Definition
Thyroid
Term
What cells of the thyroid gland produce calcitonin?
Definition
C (Clear)
Term
Helps regulate concentrations of calcium in body fluids?
Definition
calcitonin CT
Term
Calcitonin _____ movement of calcium ___ bone.
Definition
stimulates;into
Term
_______ inhibits osteoclast activity and release of Ca from bone matrix.
Definition
Calcitonin
Term
Elevate levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of what hormone?
Definition
calcitonin
Term
What hormone is released in response to low concentrations of Ca in blood?
Definition
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Term
______ stimulates osteoclasts and release calcium from the bone.
Definition
PTH
Term
PTH ______ osteoblasts
Definition
inhibits
Term
PTH stimulates formation and secretion of ____ at the kidneys
Definition
calcitriol
Term
What produces epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Definition
Inner suprarenal medulla of the Adrenal gland
Term
What manufactures steroid hormones (corticosteroids)
Definition
superficial suprarenal cortex (adrenal)
Term
A glucocorticoid that controls carb, fat and protein metabolism and are antiinflammatory
Definition
cortisol
Term
A mineralcorticoid that controls electrolyte and water levels, mainly promoting sodium retention in the kidney.
Definition
Aldosterone
Term
Osteoclast activity is inhibited when _____ is present.
Definition
calcitonin
Term
Which gland synthsize and secreted by the hormone melatonin?
Definition
Pineal
Term
Slow maturation of sperm
Definition
melatonin
Term
Melatonin has antioxidant properties. It protects against damage by ____
Definition
free radicals
Term
____ cells secrete ______ - raises blood sugar.
Definition
alpha;glucagon
Term
_____ cells secrete ______ - lowers blood sugar
Definition
beta;insulin
Term
_____ cells secrete ______ - inhibits both insulin and glucagon
Definition
delta;soma
Term
___ cells secrete ________ - inhibits somatostatin, gallbladder contraction, and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes.
Definition
f;pancreatic polypeptide
Term
the ______ portion of the pancreas produces pancreatic juice containing _____ enzymes.
Definition
exocrine; digestive
Term
_______ produces natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP)
Definition
Heart
Term
_______ produces hormones important to coordination of digestive activites.
Definition
intestines
Term
Produces thymosins that help develop and maintain normal immune defenses.
Definition
thymus
Term
_______ -leptin= feeback control for appetite.
Definition
adipose tissue secretions
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