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Chapter 18-20
Endocrine, blood, heart
87
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
07/02/2008

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Term
What is the difference of secretion of the endocrine cells and other epithelial cells?
Definition
Endocrine is ductless. Epithelial uses ducts.
Term
Classification of the following hormones: a. Cathecholamines b. Peptide hormones c. Steroid hormone d. Throxine
Definition
a. Cathecholamines –non lipid/amino acid b. Peptide hormones – non-lipid/prohormones c. Steroid hormone - lipid d. Throxine – amino acid
Term
Mechanism of action of the steroid hormone.
Definition
binds recepters at inner surface of cell membrane.  Diffuse across the lipid part of the cell membrane.
Term
What is G protein
Definition
A special protein that links 1st and 2nd messenger
Term
how does the hypothalamus control secretions of the anterior pituitary gland?
Definition
By secreting specific regulatory hormones in the anterior lobe (Negative feedback)
Term
The effect of insulin and glucagons on blood glucose
Definition
Increase Blood sugar
Term
role of the enzyme “RENIN”
Definition
Increases blood volume and increases blood pressure. Responds to hemoharages.
Term
What are C Cells? What are their roles?
Definition
Parafollicular cells, in the thyroid, they produce and secrete calcitonin.
Calcitonin is used to reduce blood calcium
Term
What are Chief cells? What are their roles?
Definition
Parathyroid – primary cell of the parathyroid gland. It produces and secretes the parathyroid hormone. AKA Zygomatic - release precurser enzyme.
Term
What does α cell of the pancreas produce
Definition
Glucagon
Term
What does β cell of the pancreas produce?
Definition
Insulin
Term
What does the zona reticularis produce?
Definition
Androgen
Term
What does the zona fasciculate produce?
Definition
glucocortison
Term
What does the zona glomerulosa produce?
Definition
Epinephrine; Noepinephrine aldosterone
Term
What does the exocrine of the pancreas produce?
Definition
Pancreatic juice containing the digestive enzyme
Term
What are the characteristics of the pancreatic islets (Islet of Langerhans)
Definition
• About 1% of pancreas
• Alpha cells (produce glucagon) – raise blood glucose levels
• Beta cells (produce insulin)
• Delta cells (produce peptide hormone.
• F Cells (produce the hormone pancreatic polypeptide)
Term
Functions of growth hormone?
Definition
makes more amino acid, increase blood sugar. (development and growth)
Term
How do the liver cells respond to GH?
Definition
After the GH stimulates the breakdown of glycogen reserves by liver cells – they release glucose into the bloodstream.
Term
Role of hormone ANP of the heart?
Definition
It acts to reduce water, sodium, and adipose (fat) loads on the circulatory system, to lower blood pressure.
Term
What mineral contains in the thyroid hormone?
Definition
Iodine to produce T3 and T4
Term
What hormone that plays an important role in the maintenance of body temperature?
Definition
Thyroid hormone
Term
What hormone can lower blood levels of calcium?
Definition
Calcitonin/C cells
Term
Functions of cortisol
Definition
diabetic effect, anti-inflamitory
Term
Function of Aldosterone?
Definition
Causes the tubules of the kidneys to retain sodium and water. Drives blood pressure up.
Term
What hormone can increase the numbers of RED BLOOD CELLS?
Definition
erythropoietin
Term
What is the difference between acromegaly and giantistm?\
Definition
Acromegaly is asymmetric, and giantism is symmetricok
Term
Excess secretion of GH prior to puberty will cause _________
Definition
gigantism
Term
excess secretion of GH after 25 will cause_______________
Definition
acromegaly
Term
What is the antagonist of calcitonin?
Definition
Calcitrial
Term
What is the synergistic to Growth Hormone?
Definition
Cortisol
Term
38. What hormones are required for proper growth?
Definition
GH, insulin, cortisol
Term
What hormone dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome?
Definition
Epinephrine
Term
40. What hormone dominates during the resistant phase of the general adaptation syndrome?
Definition
glucocorticoids
Term
41. What effect would a large increase in cortisone have on insulin secretion?
Definition
Increase of insulin
Term
Functions and components of blood?
Definition
Transportation; regulation; hemostasis; defense; maintaining body temp
Term
What are the components of the formed elements? What do they do?
Definition
WBC – Defense, RBC – carry oxygen, platelets – hemostasis
Term
What is the difference between plasma and serum?
Definition
Serum is a type of blood plasma that does not have any clotting factors because they have been removed by letting the blood clot first before the plasma is separated.
Term
46. What are the most abundant proteins in blood?
Definition
60% in flabulen
Term
Characteristics and functions of Red blood cells?
Definition
TRANSPORT OXYGEN AND CARBON-DIOXIDE
Term
Function of hemoglobin
Definition
a protein this is found in the red blood cell which is used to carry oxygen around the body
Term
Define erthropoiesis, hematocrit
Definition
• Erythropoisis is the process by which red blood cells (erythrocytes) are produced
• Hematocrit - the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells
Term
what determine a person’s blood type?
Definition
Presence or absence of antigen
Term
Function of neutrophils and lymphocytes
Definition
fight off bacteria
Term
what WBC that releases HISTAMINE at the site of an injury?
Definition
Basophil
Term
Function of eosinophils
Definition
defend against large multicellular parasites/allergy
Term
function of platelets?
Definition
a. Initiating clotting process: by releasing clotting factors
b. Formation a temporary patch in the injury site to slow the blood loss
c. Contraction after clot formation – educe size of injury.
Term
65. Platelets are formed from cells in the bone marrow called __________
Definition
megokaryocyte
Term
what is coagulation?
Definition
A complex sequence of stepts in which fibrinogen is converted to fibrin
Term
how is the “extrinsic pathway” activated?
Definition
Outside the bloodstream
Term
How is the intrinsic pathway activated?
Definition
Inside the bloodstream
Term
What is FIBRINOLYSIS
Definition
clot dissolve or clot degradation by activating PLASMINOGEN by thrombin and tPA (tissue plasma activator)
Term
Thrombocytosis
Definition
is the presence of high platelet counts in the blood .
Term
Thrompopenia
Definition
the presence of relatively few platelets in blood
Term
Function of pericardium
Definition
reduce friction anchor heart in right position
Term
location of mitral valve
Definition
left atrium
Term
location of tricuspid valve
Definition
right ventricle
Term
76. put the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation
Definition
VENA CAVA → R.A → tricuspid →Right ventricle→ pulmonary lung→ pulmonary trunk→ lung→ pulmonary vein →left atrium → AV left → left ventricle → Aorta
Term
Name the branches of the left coronary artery
Definition
Circumflex branch
Anterior interventricular branch
Term
location of pacemaker cells
Definition
SA node
Term
stroke volume
Definition
volume of blood pumped by the right/left ventricle of the heart in one contraction
Term
cardiac output
Definition
amount of blood pumped by each ventricle/minute
Term
components of hemoglobin molecule
Definition
two alpha chains, and two beta chains of polypeptides. Each hb chain contains a single molecule of heme.
Term
ESV
Definition
is the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of contraction, or systole, and the beginning of filling, or diastole end of contraction
Term
EDV
Definition
end of relaxation
Term
What is the consequence of regurgitating mitral valve?
Definition
Pulminary Adina
Term
91. if there is a blockage between the AV node and the bundle, how will this affect the appearance of the QRS of the electrocardiogram?
Definition
It would be longer
Term
During ventricular systole
Definition
• The atria are relaxing
• The ventricles are contracting
• AV valves are closed
• Pressure in the ventricle increases
Term
Systole
Definition
contraction
Term
diastole
Definition
relaxation
Term
cardiac cycle
Definition
the period between the start of one heart beat and the beginning of another
Term
What does the T wave on an ECG tracing represent
Definition
Repolarization
Term
compare pernicious anemia, aplastic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, and hemorrhagic anemia
Definition
pernicious anemia: lack of b12 and folic acid
macrocitic RBC
hypochromic (MCHC: <27)
Normal reticulocyte
aplastic anemia: Bone marrow failure
Immature RBC
Hypo, and hyperchromic
increased reticulocyte
iron Deficiency anemia
Lack of iron
Microcytic RBC
Hypochromic
Normal reticulocyte
Hemmorrhage:
Lack of RBC
Normocytic
Normochromic
Normal reticulocyte
Term
Paraventricular nuclei
Definition
Manufacture growth hormone
Term
Supraoptic nuclei
Definition
manufacture antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Term
List all hormones of the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary gland
Definition
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Lutenizing hormone (LH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Growth Hormone (GH)
Term
What plasma protein is important in body defense?
Definition
Antibodies (globulins)
Term
What is the average life span of a red blood cell?
Definition
120 days
Term
location of “STEM CELLS” responsible for the process of lymphopoiesis
Definition
Migrate from bone marrow to lymphoid tissues, including the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes.
Term
What nervous system controls the heart?
Definition
Autonomic
Term
List the effects of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissue?
Definition
increases metabolism, increase heart rate.
Term
What hormone can increase blood levels of calcium
Definition
parathyroid horomone
Term
What agglutinin (antibody) and agglutinogen (antigen) you expect to see on a person with type "A" blood?
Definition
Antigen A, antibody B
Term
Why does the cardiac muscle action potential contain "THE PLATEU PHASE"
Definition
For calcium entry.
Term
What is the relationship of the cardiac output according to sterlings law?
Definition
it equals the product (multiplication)
Term
Will the heart rate increase or decrease if the mebrane of the cardiac muscle cells in the SA node becomes more permeable to potassium?
Definition
decrease
Term
Would the heart rate increase or decrease if the membrane of the cardiac muscle cells in the SA node becomes more permeable to sodium?
Definition
increase.
Term
how would clcium channel blocker in the cardiac muscle membrane affect the contraction of the heart muscle?
Definition
It would reduce the heart workload.
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