Term
Autonomic Nervous System
(ANS) |
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Definition
- regulates body temperature and coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, and reproductive functions.
- routine physiological adjustments made to ANS operating at subconsious level.
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Term
| Smpathetic and Parasympathetic |
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Definition
| Major ANS divisions are... |
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Term
| always active, can activate or inhibit an organ, releases nerotransmitter, and causes short term changes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| brain regions that effect ANS regulatory activities. |
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Term
| Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system |
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Definition
| both nervous systems contain afferent and efferent neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
the afferent pathways originate in visceral receptors and the efferent pathways connect to visceral effector organs.
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Term
| somatic nervous system(SNS) |
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Definition
| differ from ANS due to arrangement of the neurons connecting the CNS to effector organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| visceral motor neurons in the CNS send axons (preganglionic fibers) to synapse on ganglionic neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell bodies are located in autonomic ganglia outside the CNS. |
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Term
| sympathetic division and parasympathetic division |
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Definition
| two major subdivisions of the ANS |
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Term
| thoracolumbar(sympathetic) division |
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Definition
- visceral efferents from the thoracic and lumbar segments
- AKA the "fight or flight" system
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates tissue metabolism, increases alertness and prepares the body to deal with emergencies. |
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Term
| craniosacral (parasympathetic) division |
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Definition
- visceral efferents leaving the brain stem and sacral segments
- AKA "rest and respose" system
- conserves energy and promotes sedentary activities
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Term
| parasympathetic and sympathetic |
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Definition
| both divisions arrect target organs via neurotransmitters. memebrane receptors determine whether the response will be simulatory or inhibitory. |
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Term
| neurotransmitter effects in parasympathetic division and sypathetic division |
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Definition
- all preganglionic terminals release acetylchloline (Ach, widely used neurotransmitters in ANS) and excitatory
- all postganglionic parasympathetic terminals release Ach and effects maybe excitatory or inhibitory
- most postganglionic sumpathetic terminals release norepinephrine (NE) and effects are usually excitatory
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Term
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Definition
| when vital organs (except sweat glands) receive instruction from both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
- consists of preganglionic neurons between spinal cord segments T1 and L2.
- ganglionic neurons in ganglia near the vertebral column;
- and specialized neurons within the adrenal gland
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Term
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Definition
- include alpha and beta receptors.
- beta receptors sensitive to epinephrine and unresponsive to noreepinephrine and they may produce either inhibition or excitation.
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Term
| sypathetic chains consist of... |
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Definition
- 3 cervical,
- 11-12 thoracic,
- 4-5 sacral ganglia &,
- 1 coccygeal sympathetic ganglion in each sympathetic chain.
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Term
| every spinal nerve consists of... |
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Definition
| a gray ramus that carries sympathetic postganglionic fibers. |
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Term
| signs of sympathetic stimulation |
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Definition
| an increase in cardiovascular and respiratory activities (controlled by centers in pons, and medulla oblongata) |
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Term
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Definition
| innervates the stomach, liver, pancreas, and spleen |
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Term
| the superior mesentretic ganglion |
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Definition
| innervates the small intestine and initial segmentsof the large intestine |
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Term
| inferior mesentreric ganglion |
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Definition
| innervates the kidney, bladder, sex organs and terminal portions of the large intestine. |
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Term
| adrenal medulla (sympathetic division had 2 adrenal medullae) |
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Definition
| some preganglionic fibers don't synapse as they pass through both the sympatheticchain and collateral ganglia. instead, they enter one of the adrenal glands and synapse on modified neurons within... |
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Term
| norepinephrine and epinephrine |
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Definition
| the adrenal medullae releases 2 things into the circulation, causing a prolonged sympathetic innervation effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| during a crisi, the endite sympathetic division responds |
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Term
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Definition
| effects include increased alertness, a feeling of energy and euphoria, increased cardiovascular and respiratory activity, general elevation in muscle tone, and mobilization of energy reserves. |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of blood flow to the brain |
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Term
| stimulation of the sympathetic division has 2 distinctive results |
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Definition
| the release of norepinephrine(or in some cases Ach) at neuroeffector junctions and the secretion of the epinephrine and norepinephrine into the general cirulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 classes of sympathetic receptors that are stimulated by norepinephrine and epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| responds to stimulation by depolarizing the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| responds to stimulation by changing metabolic activity of cells |
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Term
| norepinephrine(adrenergic) |
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Definition
| most preganglionc fibers release... |
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Term
| aceltycholine(cholinergic) |
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Definition
few postganglionic fibers release...
-postganglionic fibers innervating sweat glands of the skin and blood vessels to skeletal muscles release it. |
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Term
| summary of sympathetic division |
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Definition
- 2 segmentally arranged sympathetic chains lateral to the vertebral column, 3 collateral ganglia anterior to the vertebral column and to adrenal medullae
- preganglionic are relatively short, except for those of the adrenal medullae, while postganglionic fibers are quite long.
- extensive divergence typically occurs with a single preganglionic fiber synapsing with many ganglionic neurons in different ganglia
- all preganglionic fibers release Ach, while most preganglionic fibers release NE
- effector response depends on the nature and activity of the receptor
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Term
| the parasympathetic division |
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Definition
1. preganglionic neurons in the brain stem and in sacral segmentss of the spinal cord
2. ganglionic neurons in perpheral ganglia located within or immediately next to target organs |
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Term
| III-Oculomotor, VII-Facial, IX-Glossopharyngeal and X-Vagus |
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Definition
| cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic components |
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Term
| parasympathetic division generally promotes... |
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Definition
| sedentary activities, "rest and repose", conserve energy |
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Term
| ciliary,pterygopalatine, submadibular and otic ganglia |
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Definition
| parasympathetic fibers in the oculomotor, facial and glossopharyngeal neves help control visceral structures in the head, and the synapse in the... |
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Term
| thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity |
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Definition
| fibers in the vagus nerve supply preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to intramural ganglia within structures in the... |
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Term
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Definition
| preganglionic fibers leaving the sacral segments form ___ ___ that innervate intramural ganglia in the kidney, bladder, latter parts of the large intestine, and sex organs. |
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Term
| effectors produced by the parasympathetic division include |
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Definition
| contriction, digestive gland secretion, hormone secretion for nutrient absorption increased digestive tract activity, defecation activities, urination activities, repiratory passageway constriction, reduced heart rate, pupillary constriction and sexual arousal.these general functions center on relaxation, food processing, and enery absorption. |
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Term
| all parasympathetic [reganglionic and postganglionic fibers release... |
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Definition
| Ach at synapses and neuroeffector junstions. the effects are short-lived because of the actions of enzymes at the postsynaptic membrane and in the surrounding tissues. |
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Term
| nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors |
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Definition
| 2 different types of Ach receptors found in the postsynaptic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| located on ganglion cells of both divisions of the ANS and the neuromuscular junstions. exposure to Ach causes excitation by opening membrane channels. |
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Term
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Definition
| located at neuroeffector junctions in the parasympathetic division and those cholinergic neuroeffector junctions in the sympatetic division. stimulation of these receptors produces a longer lasting effect that does stimulation of nicotinic receptors |
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Term
| characteristics of the parasympathetic division |
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Definition
1. includes visceral motor nuclei associated with cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X and sacral segments S2-S4.
2. ganglionic neurons are located in terminal or intramural ganglia near or within target organs, respectively
3. in innervates areas serviced by cranial nerves and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
4. ala parasympathetic neurons are cholinergic. the postganglionic neurons are also cholinergic and are further subdivided as being either muscarinic or nicotinic receptors.
5. effects are usually brief and restricted to specific sites |
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Term
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Definition
| has widespread influence, reaching visceral and somatic structures throughout the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| innervates only visceral structures serviced by cranial nerves or lying within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| organs with ___ ___ receive instructions from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions (ex. heart, digestive system, lungs and esophagus) |
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Term
| cardiac, pulmonary, esophageal, celiac, iferior mesenteric and hypogastric plexuses |
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Definition
| in body cavities the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves intermingle to form a series of characterisitic nerve plexuses(nerve networks) that include... |
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Term
| parasympathetic. causes excess and irregular esophageal contraction. |
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Definition
person has difficulty swallowing.
Dx: esophageal achalasia, ivolving ANS.
what's the cause and is it parasympathetic of sympathetic? |
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