Term
Chapter 18: Blood
Blood Circulation
Powered by the pumping action of the heart
Functions of blood
Carries respiratory __, ___, and ___
Helps body regulate ____
Blood volume ~ __% body mass
Males: __ liters
Females: __ liters
____ tissue |
|
Definition
Chapter 18: Blood
Blood Circulation
Powered by the pumping action of the heart
Functions of blood
Carries respiratory gases, nutrients, and hormones
Helps body regulate temperature
Blood volume ~ 8% body mass
Males: 5-6 liters
Females: 4-5 liters
Connective tissue |
|
|
Term
Composition of Blood
Contains cellular and liquid components
A specialized connective tissue
Blood cells – ____ elements
____ - RBC
____ - WBC
Platelets
___– fluid portion
% of blood volume that consists of RBC is the ____ ~45%
Males ~ 4_+- 5%
Females ~4_%+-5% |
|
Definition
Composition of Blood
Contains cellular and liquid components
A specialized connective tissue
Blood cells – formed elements
Erythrocytes - RBC
Leukocytes - WBC
Platelets
Plasma – fluid portion
% of blood volume that consists of RBC is the hematocrit ~45%
Males ~ 47+- 5%
Females ~42%+-5% |
|
|
Term
Blood Plasma
Straw-colored, sticky ____portion of blood
Approximately __% water
Contains __, ____, ___, and ____
Three main proteins
____, ____, and ____ |
|
Definition
Blood Plasma
Straw-colored, sticky fluid portion of blood
Approximately 90% water
Contains ions, nutrients, wastes, and proteins
Three main proteins
Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen |
|
|
Term
Formed Elements
Blood cells
____ -RBC, ____ - WBC and ______
Staining of WBC helps differentiate them
__ dye – eosin – stains pink
__ dye – methylene blue – stains blue and purple |
|
Definition
Formed Elements
Blood cells
Erythrocytes -RBC, leukocytes - WBC and platelets
Staining of WBC helps differentiate them
Acidic dye – eosin – stains pink
Basic dye – methylene blue – stains blue and purple |
|
|
Term
Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
___-transporting cells – 7.5 µm in diameter
Most ___ of the formed elements
Females: 4.3–5.2 million cells/cubic millimeter
Males: 5.2–5.8 million cells/cubic millimeter
Have no -__or ____ |
|
Definition
Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Oxygen-transporting cells – 7.5 µm in diameter
Most numerous of the formed elements
Females: 4.3–5.2 million cells/cubic millimeter
Males: 5.2–5.8 million cells/cubic millimeter
Have no organelles or nuclei |
|
|
Term
Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
____ – oxygen-carrying protein. ____ shape – __% more surface area, flexible -can “squeeze” through narrow capillaries
Live __ days -much longer than any other formed element
Originate in the _____
Expel their ___ and ___ in bone marrow before entering the bloodstream |
|
Definition
Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Hemoglobin – oxygen-carrying protein. Biconcave shape – 30% more surface area, flexible -can “squeeze” through narrow capillaries
Live 100–120 days -much longer than any other formed element
Originate in the bone marrow
Expel their nucleus and organelles in bone marrow before entering the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
__% made of hemoglobin
Because RBC lack ____, they generate energy by ____ respiration
They do not consume any of the oxygen they carry
Very efficient oxygen carriers
Carry also __% CO2 |
|
Definition
Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
97% made of hemoglobin
Because RBC lack mitochondria, they generate energy by anaerobic respiration
They do not consume any of the oxygen they carry
Very efficient oxygen carriers
Carry also 20% CO2 |
|
|
Term
Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Function outside the bloodstream in ____ tissue
____ – circulating leukocytes leave the capillaries.
WBC examination
A differential white blood cell count is a diagnostic test in which specific white blood cells are enumerated. Because each type of WBC plays a different role, determining the percentage of each type in the blood assists in diagnosing the condition. |
|
Definition
Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Function outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue
Diapedesis – circulating leukocytes leave the capillaries.
WBC examination
A differential white blood cell count is a diagnostic test in which specific white blood cells are enumerated. Because each type of WBC plays a different role, determining the percentage of each type in the blood assists in diagnosing the condition. |
|
|
Term
Relative Percentages of the Different Types of Leukocytes:
Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs)
4,800–11,000/cubic millimeter much ___ than RBC
5000 to 10,000 cells per drop of blood
1 WBC for every ___ RBC
Have a prominent ____
Participate in protecting body against _____ (bacteria, virus and parasites) -”mobile army”
Consist of
______ and ______ |
|
Definition
Relative Percentages of the Different Types of Leukocytes
Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs)
4,800–11,000/cubic millimeter much less than RBC
5000 to 10,000 cells per drop of blood
1 WBC for every 700 RBC
Have a prominent nuclei
Participate in protecting body against infections (bacteria, virus and parasites) -”mobile army”
Consist of
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils |
|
|
Term
Agranulocytes:
_______ and _______ |
|
Definition
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes |
|
|
Term
Neutrophils (Granulocyte)
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Nuclei = _ to __ lobes connected by thin strands
older cells have ___ lobes
young cells called ___ cells because of ____ shaped nucleus (band)
Fine, pale lilac practically invisible ___
Diameter is ___ microns
__ to __% of circulating WBCs |
|
Definition
Neutrophils (Granulocyte)
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Nuclei = 2 to 5 lobes connected by thin strands
older cells have more lobes
young cells called band cells because of horseshoe shaped nucleus (band)
Fine, pale lilac practically invisible granules
Diameter is 10-12 microns
60 to 70% of circulating WBCs |
|
|
Term
Neutrophil Function
___ response of all WBC to bacteria
Direct actions against bacteria
release ___ which destroy/digest bacteria
release ___ proteins that act like antibiotics & poke holes in bacterial cell walls destroying them
release strong ___ (bleach-like, strong chemicals ) that destroy bacteria |
|
Definition
Neutrophil Function
Fastest response of all WBC to bacteria
Direct actions against bacteria
release lysozymes which destroy/digest bacteria
release defensin proteins that act like antibiotics & poke holes in bacterial cell walls destroying them
release strong oxidants (bleach-like, strong chemicals ) that destroy bacteria |
|
|
Term
Eosinophils (Granulocyte)
Nucleus with _ or _ lobes connected by a thin strand
____, uniform-sized granules stain orange-red with ___ dyes
do not obscure the nucleus
Diameter is __ to __ microns
__ to _% of circulating WBCs |
|
Definition
Eosinophils (Granulocyte)
Nucleus with 2 or 3 lobes connected by a thin strand
Large, uniform-sized granules stain orange-red with acidic dyes
do not obscure the nucleus
Diameter is 10 to 12 microns
2 to 4% of circulating WBCs |
|
|
Term
Basophils (Granulocyte)
___(size), dark __(color), variable-sized granules stain with ___ dyes
obscure the nucleus
Irregular, __-shaped, bilobed nuclei
Diameter is 8 to 10 microns
Less than __% of circulating WBCs |
|
Definition
Basophils (Granulocyte)
Large, dark purple, variable-sized granules stain with basic dyes
obscure the nucleus
Irregular, s-shaped, bilobed nuclei
Diameter is 8 to 10 microns
Less than 1% of circulating WBCs |
|
|
Term
Basophil Function
Involved in ____ and ____ reactions
Leave capillaries & enter connective tissue as ___ cells
Release ______
heighten the _____ response and account for _____ (allergic) reaction - increase _____ permeability |
|
Definition
Basophil Function
Involved in inflammatory and allergy reactions
Leave capillaries & enter connective tissue as mast cells
Release histamine
heighten the inflammatory response and account for hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction - increase vascular permeability |
|
|
Term
Lymphocyte (Agranulocyte)
___(color), oval to round nucleus
_____sky blue in color
amount varies from rim of blue to normal amount
__ cells 6 - 9 microns in diameter
__ cells 10 - 14 microns in diameter
increase in number during ___ infections
__ to __% of circulating WBCs |
|
Definition
Lymphocyte (Agranulocyte)
Dark, oval to round nucleus
Cytoplasm sky blue in color
amount varies from rim of blue to normal amount
Small cells 6 - 9 microns in diameter
Large cells 10 - 14 microns in diameter
increase in number during viral infections
20 to 25% of circulating WBCs |
|
|
Term
lymphocytes – compose __–__% of WBCs
The most important cells of the immune system
Nucleus – stains dark ____ occupies most of the cytoplasm
Function mainly ___ of the blood vessels in connective tissues
Effective in fighting infectious organisms
Act against a specific foreign molecule (_____)
Two classes attack _____ in different ways
__ cells
__ cells |
|
Definition
ymphocytes – compose 20–45% of WBCs
The most important cells of the immune system
Nucleus – stains dark purple occupies most of the cytoplasm
Function mainly outside of the blood vessels in connective tissues
Effective in fighting infectious organisms
Act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen)
Two classes attack antigens in different ways
T cells
B cells |
|
|
Term
Lymphocyte Functions
T lymphocytes / T cells – produced in bone marrow and mature in ____
Produce ____ and are _____
Destroy foreign invaders by direct attack
Attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells & some bacteria
B lymphocytes/B cells - produced and matured in bone marrow
Differentiate into ____ cells that secrete ____ (protiens that bind to specific antigens and mark them for destruction) Flag antigens for attack by ______ |
|
Definition
Lymphocyte Functions
T lymphocytes / T cells – produced in bone marrow and mature in bone marrow
Produce antibodies and are cytotoxic
Destroy foreign invaders by direct attack
Attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells & some bacteria
B lymphocytes/B cells - produced and matured in bone marrow
Differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies (protiens that bind to specific antigens and mark them for destruction) Flag antigens for attack by macrophages |
|
|
Term
Monocyte (Agranulocyte)
Nucleus is ___ or _____ shaped
__est WBC in circulating blood
does not remain in blood long before migrating to the tissues
differentiate into _____
___ group found in specific tissues
alveolar ___ in lungs
Kupffer cells in liver
____ group gathers at sites of infection
Diameter is 12 - 20 microns
Cytoplasm is a foamy ____
_ to _% o circulating WBCs |
|
Definition
Monocyte (Agranulocyte)
Nucleus is kidney or horse-shoe shaped
Largest WBC in circulating blood
does not remain in blood long before migrating to the tissues
differentiate into macrophages
fixed group found in specific tissues
alveolar macrophages in lungs
Kupffer cells in liver
wandering group gathers at sites of infection
Diameter is 12 - 20 microns
Cytoplasm is a foamy blue-gray
3 to 8% o circulating WBCs |
|
|
Term
Monocyte Function
Take longer to get to site of infection, but arrive in ___ numbers
Become wandering ___, once they leave the capillaries
Destroy ____ and clean up dead ___ following an infection |
|
Definition
Monocyte Function
Take longer to get to site of infection, but arrive in larger numbers
Become wandering macrophages, once they leave the capillaries
Destroy microbes and clean up dead tissue following an infection |
|
|
Term
Platelets
_____ clotting cells
Plasma membrane-enclosed fragment of ___
Break off from _______
Function in _____ of blood |
|
Definition
Platelets
Thrombocytes clotting cells
Plasma membrane-enclosed fragment of cytoplasm
Break off from megakaryocytes
Function in clotting of blood |
|
|
Term
Platelet (_____) Anatomy
Disc-shaped, 2 - 4 micron cell fragment with no nucleus, disc-shaped
Contain several different types of ___
Normal platelet count is ___,000-___,000/drop of blood
Platelets help stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a platelet plug. Their granules also contain chemicals that promote blood clotting
Platelets have a life span of only __ to _ days; aged and dead platelets are removed by ____ in the ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
Platelet (Thrombocyte) Anatomy
Disc-shaped, 2 - 4 micron cell fragment with no nucleus, disc-shaped
Contain several different types of granules
Normal platelet count is 150,000-400,000/drop of blood
Platelets help stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a platelet plug. Their granules also contain chemicals that promote blood clotting
Platelets have a life span of only 5 to 9 days; aged and dead platelets are removed by macrophages in the spleen and liver |
|
|
Term
______ – process by which blood cells are formed
____ billion new blood cells formed each day
After birth all blood cells originate in the _____ |
|
Definition
Hematopoiesis – process by which blood cells are formed
100 billion new blood cells formed each day
At birth all blood cells originate in the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis
Bone marrow – located within all bones
___ marrow – actively generates new blood cells
Contains immature _____
Remains in epiphyses of proxmial humerus and femurs, girdles, and axial skeleton
_____ marrow - dormant , use only in ____, a lot of fat cells |
|
Definition
Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis
Bone marrow – located within all bones
Red marrow – actively generates new blood cells
Contains immature erythrocytes
Remains in epiphyses, girdles, and axial skeleton
Yellow marrow - dormant , use only in emergency a lot of fat cells |
|
|
Term
Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis
At birth, all marrow in skeleton is red
In adults, red marrow only in _____
In adults, yellow marrow _____ |
|
Definition
Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis
At birth, all marrow in skeleton is red
In adults, red marrow only in axial skeleton, girdles and in proximal epiphysis of humerus and femur
In adults, yellow marrow all other regions of long bones of the limbs |
|
|
Term
Tissue framework for red marrow (microscopic structure)
____ connective tissue form a complex network
Within the fiber network of the reticular connective tissue
1. ___ cells and 2. ___ cells at various differentiation stages
3 _______
4 ______ stem cells |
|
Definition
Tissue framework for red marrow (microscopic structure)
Reticular connective tissue form a complex network
Within the fiber network of the reticular connective tissue
1 Fat cells and 2 blood cells at various 3 Macrophages
4 Mesenchymal stem cells |
|
|
Term
Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
All blood cells originate in bone marrow
Formation of blood cells occurs in stages
All originate from one cell type – blood __ cell
_____ hematopoetic stem cells
Two types of progenitor cells that directly arise from blood stem cells:
___ stem cells – give rise to _____
____ stem cells – give rise to all other blood cells |
|
Definition
Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
All blood cells originate in bone marrow
Formation of blood cells occurs in stages
All originate from one cell type – blood stem cell
Pluripotential hematopoetic stem cells
Two types of progenitor cells that directly arise from blood stem cells:
Lymphoid stem cells – give rise to lymphocytes
Myeloid stem cells – give rise to all other blood cells |
|
|
Term
Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
Genesis of erythrocytes - RBC
forms from ____
Erythrocytes ~ 100 days life span
_____Make up about 1–2% of all erythrocytes |
|
Definition
Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
forms from proerythroblasts
Genesis of erythrocytes - RBC
Erythrocytes ~ 100 days life span
Reticulocytes Make up about 1–2% of all erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
Formation of leukocytes
Granulocytes form from ______
Monoblasts enlarge and form _____
Platelet-forming cells from ______
Break apart into platelets |
|
Definition
Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
Formation of leukocytes
Granulocytes form from myeloblasts
Monoblasts enlarge and form monocytes
Platelet-forming cells from megakaryoblasts
Break apart into platelets |
|
|
Term
Blood Groups
ABO Blood Groups
Based on 2 glycolipid isoantigens called A and B found on the surface of RBCs
display only antigen A -- blood type
display only antigen B -- blood type
display both antigens A & B -- blood type
display neither antigen -- blood type O |
|
Definition
Blood Groups
ABO Blood Groups
Based on 2 glycolipid isoantigens called A and B found on the surface of RBCs
display only antigen A -- blood type A
display only antigen B -- blood type B
display both antigens A & B -- blood type AB
display neither antigen -- blood type O |
|
|
Term
Plasma contains ____ or agglutinins to the A or B antigens not found in your blood
anti-A antibody reacts with antigen A
anti-B antibody reacts with antigen B |
|
Definition
Plasma contains isoantibodies or agglutinins to the A or B antigens not found in your blood
anti-A antibody reacts with antigen A
anti-B antibody reacts with antigen B |
|
|
