Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 17
Lecture 3
88
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
09/12/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Steroids and thyroid hormone are attached to
Definition
Plasma Proteins (IMPORTANT)
Term
It is composed of liquid plasma and formed elements
Definition
Blood
Term
The pH of blood is
Definition
7.35–7.45
Term
Only ____ are complete cells
Definition
WBC's
Term
have no nuclei or organelles, and platelets are just cell fragments
Definition
RBC's
Term
Most formed elements survive in the bloodstream for _____________.
Definition
Only a few days
Term
Most blood cells do not ______ but are renewed by cells in bone marrow
Definition
divide
Term
Biconcave discs, anucleate, essentially no organelles
Definition
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Term
Biconcave shape that has a huge _______ _____ relative to volume
Definition
surface area
Term
Discounting water content, erythrocytes are more than __% _______.
Definition
97% Hemoglobin
Term
ATP is generated anaerobically, so the erythrocytes ...
Definition
do not consume the oxygen they transport
Term
are dedicated to respiratory gas transport
Definition
Erythrocytes
Term
Hemoglobin reversibly binds with_____ and most _____ in the blood is bound to ________.
Definition
oxygen
oxygen
Hemoglobin
Term
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport ____ molecules of oxygen
Definition
4
Term
hemoglobin bound to oxygen
Oxygen loading takes place in the lungs
Definition
Oxyhemoglobin
Term
hemoglobin after oxygen diffuses into tissues (reduced Hb)
Definition
Deoxyhemoglobin
Term
hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide loading takes place in the tissues
Definition
Carbaminohemoglobin
Term
blood cell formation
Definition
Hematopoiesis
Term
Hematopoiesis occurs in the __ ____ ____.
Definition
Red bone marrow
Term
give rise to all formed elements
Definition
Hemocytoblasts
Term
A hemocytoblast is transformed into a _______ ___ called the __________.
Definition
Committed Cell
proerythroblast
Term
develop into early erythroblasts
Definition
Proerythroblasts
Term
Erythropoiesis (3 Phases)
Definition
Phase 1 – ribosome synthesis in early erythroblasts
Phase 2 – hemoglobin accumulation in late erythroblasts and NORMOBLASTS
Phase 3 – ejection of the nucleus from normoblasts and formation of RETICULOCYTES


Reticulocytes then become mature erythrocytes
Term
Too few red blood cells leads to
Definition
tissue hypoxia
Term
Too many red blood cells causes
Definition
undesirable blood viscosity
Term
hormonally controlled and depends on adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins
Definition
Erythropoiesis
Term
Erythropoietin (EPO) release by the kidneys is triggered by:
Definition
Hypoxia due to decreased RBCs
Decreased oxygen availability
Increased tissue demand for oxygen
Term
Hb (65%), the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
Definition
Where iron is stored.
Term
Intracellular iron is stored in protein-iron complexes such as
Definition
ferritin and hemosiderin
Term
Circulating iron is loosely bound to the transport protein
Definition
transferrin
Term
The life span of an erythrocyte is
Definition
100–120 days
Term
Dying erythrocytes are engulfed by
Definition
macrophages
Term
The life span of an erythrocyte is 100–120 days
Old erythrocytes become rigid and fragile, and their hemoglobin begins to degenerate
Dying erythrocytes are engulfed by macrophages
Heme and globin are separated and the iron is salvaged for reuse
Definition
Fate and Destruction of Erythrocytes
Term
degraded to a yellow pigment called bilirub
Definition
Heme
Term
secretes bilirubin into the intestines as bile
Definition
liver
Term
This degraded pigment leaves the body in feces, in a pigment called stercobilin
Definition
Erythrocytes
Term
result of acute or chronic loss of blood
Definition
Hemorrhagic anemia
Term
prematurely ruptured erythrocytes
Definition
Hemolytic anemia
Term
destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow
Definition
Aplastic anemia
Term
This type of anemia results from:
A secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia
Inadequate intake of iron-containing foods
Impaired iron absorption
Definition
Iron-deficiency
Term
This type of anemia results from:
Deficiency of vitamin B12
Lack of intrinsic factor needed for absorption of B12
Definition
Pernicious anemia
Term
absent or faulty globin chain in hemoglobin
Erythrocytes are thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin
Definition
Thalassemias
Term
results from a defective gene coding for an abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin S (HbS)
Definition
Sickle-cell anemia
Term
HbS has a single amino acid substitution in the beta chain
This defect causes RBCs to become ....
Definition
sickle-shaped in low oxygen situations
Term
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Definition
Granulocytes
Term
Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain specifically (acidic, basic, or both) with Wright’s stain
Are larger and usually shorter-lived than RBCs
Have lobed nuclei
Are all phagocytic cells
Definition
Granulocytes
Term
are our body’s bacteria slayers
Definition
Neutrophils
Term
account for 1–4% of WBCs
Have red-staining, bilobed nuclei connected via a broad band of nuclear material
Have red to crimson (acidophilic) large, coarse, lysosome-like granules
Lead the body’s counterattack against parasitic worms
Lessen the severity of allergies by phagocytizing immune complexes
Definition
Eosinophils
Term
Have large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules that contain histamine
Histamine – inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs (antihistamines counter this effect)
Definition
Basophils
Term
lymphocytes and monocytes:
Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
Are similar structurally, but are functionally distinct and unrelated cell types
Have spherical (lymphocytes) or kidney-shaped (monocytes) nuclei
Definition
Agranulocytes
Term
Account for 25% or more of WBCs and:
Are found mostly enmeshed in lymphoid tissue (some circulate in the blood)
Definition
Lymphocytes
Term
There are two types of lymphocytes:
Definition
T cells and B cells
Term
function in the immune response
Definition
T cells
Term
give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
Definition
B Cells
Term
account for 4–8% of leukocytes
They are the largest leukocytes
They have purple-staining, U- or kidney-shaped nuclei
They leave the circulation, enter tissue, and differentiate into macrophages
Definition
Monocytes
Term
Are highly mobile and actively phagocytic
Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response
Definition
Macrophages
Term
originate from hemocytoblasts
Definition
Leukocytes
Term
refers to cancerous conditions involving white blood cells (TQ)
Definition
Leukemia
Term
involves myeloblasts (TQ)
Definition
Myelocytic leukemia
Term
involves lymphocytes (TQ)
Definition
Lymphocytic leukemia
Term
Acute leukemia involves ____-___ cells and primarily affects children
(TQ)
Definition
Blast-type
Term
Chronic leukemia is more prevalent in (TQ)
Definition
older people
Term
_____________ are found in the bloodstream in all leukemias (TQ)
Definition
Immature white blood cells
Term
___ _____ becomes totally occupied with cancerous leukocytes
(TQ)
Definition
Bone Marrow
Term
The white blood cells produced, though numerous, are ____________
(TQ)
Definition
NOT functional
Term
Death is caused by _______ _______ and ______ ________. (TQ)
Definition
internal hemorrhage and overwhelming infections
Term
Treatments of Leukemia include : (3) TQ
Definition
irradiation, antileukemic drugs, and bone marrow transplants
Term
Platelets are fragments of _________ with a blue-staining outer region and a purple granular center
Definition
megakaryocytes
Term
function in the clotting mechanism by forming a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
Definition
Platelets
Term
A set of reactions in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel
Definition
Coagulation
Term
The final three steps of Coagulation of reactions are:
Definition
Prothrombin activator is formed(1)
Prothrombin is converted into thrombin (2)
Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen into a fibrin mesh (3)
Term
a clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
Definition
Thrombus
Term
thrombus in blood vessel of the heart
Definition
Coronary thrombosis
Term
an antiprostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2
Definition
Aspirin
Term
an anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and postoperative cardiac care
Definition
Heparin
Term
used for those prone to atrial fibrillation
Definition
Warfain
Term
required for fat and vitamin K absorption
Definition
Bile
Term
can lead to vitamin K deficiencies as it is a fat-soluble substance and is absorbed along with fat
Definition
Inability to absorb fat
Term
hereditary bleeding disorders caused by lack of clotting factors
Definition
Hemophilias
Term
most common type (83% of all cases) due to a deficiency of factor VIII
Definition
Hemophilia A
Term
results from a deficiency of factor IX
Definition
Hemophilia B
Term
mild type, caused by a deficiency of factor XI
Definition
Hemophilia C
Term
Promoters of agglutination and are referred to as agglutinogens
Definition
Glycoprotein Antigens on the RBC Membrane
Term
Two antigens (A and B) on the surface of the RBCs
Two antibodies in the plasma (anti-A and anti-B)
Definition
ABO BLOOD
Term
Examples: purified human serum albumin, plasminate, and dextran
Definition
Plasma Volume Expanders
Term
can also be used to replace lost blood volume
Definition
Isotonic saline
Term
Before birth, blood cell formation takes place in the
Definition
fetal yolk sac, liver, and spleen
Term
_______________ which has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin
Definition
The fetus forms HbF
Supporting users have an ad free experience!