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Chapter 17
Cell Reproduction and Differentiation
79
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/11/2013

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Term
The nucleus divides during what phase of the cell cycle
Definition
mitotic phase
Term
DNA is replicated during what phase of the cell cycle
Definition
S phase
Term
The organization or arrangement of DNA in the nucleus
Definition
Chromosomes
Term
During what phase of mitosis is DNA divided into two sets and distributed equally to the daughter cells
Definition
Mitotic phase
Term
Neurons and osteocytes will remain in this phase of the cell cycle after adolescence
Definition
GO phase
Term
During this phase of the cell cycle chromosomes are no visible under the microscope and they exist in the form of chromatin
Definition
Interphase
Term
The process by which the DNA code is converted from a single gene into a complementary single strand of mRNA
Definition
transcription
Term
RNA is used by the cell to produce
Definition
protein
Term
Occurs at multiple locations on the two original strands as the DNA is unzipped
Definition
DNA replication
Term
If a nucleotide was paired with thymine what base would it have
Definition
adenine
Term
Chromosomes first become visible as two sister chromatids during this phase
Definition
prophase
Term
During _______________ cells are produced that are genetically identical to the original cell
Definition
mitosis
Term
During the end of _______________, the cells contain the haploid number of chromososmes
Definition
meiosis I
Term
Development and function of microtubes happens in what two phases of mitosis
Definition
Metaphase and Anaphase
Term
These cells divide throughout life
Definition
stem cells in bone marrow
Term
If DNA has not been replicated the phase will stop at this point
Definition
G2
Term
Cell differentiation of a pre-embryo begins after
Definition
the 8 cell stage
Term
The process by which cells become specialized
Definition
differentiation
Term
____________ mutations are passed to the next generations
Definition
Gamete
Term
What substitution point mutation results in an abnormal form of hemoglobin
Definition
Any substitution point mutation that results in a negative change in the protein’s function will result in an abnormal hemoglobin
Term
Which is worse, a point mutation in DNA or in messenger RNA
Definition
A point mutation in DNA permanently changes the coding for that gene. A point mutation in messenger RNA changes that strand only and does not make a permanent change in the genetic coding
Term
introns are removed and exons are spliced together
Definition
RNA becomes mRNA
Term
initiation, elongation and termination
Definition
translation part of protein production
Term
3 nitrogenous bases on mRNA that match up with to an amino acid
Definition
codon
Term
chromosomes develop into 2 sister chromatids
Definition
S phase
Term
ribosomes contain binding sites for
Definition
tRNA and mRNA
Term
what stage comes after anaphase
Definition
telophase
Term
cells are split after the 8 cell stage to be implanted into a surrogate mother
Definition
embryo splitting
in vitro
Term
cloning of human cells for treatment of patients
Definition
therapeutic cloning
Term
All human cells except gametes reproduce by
Definition
mitosis
Term
tRNA binding its anticodon to the start codon of mRNA at a ribosome
Definition
initiation of translation
Term
Mitosis in mammals usually takes how long
Definition
less than 60 minutes
Term
DNA molecule is open to create multiple strands to speed up
Definition
replication
Term
Mutations of DNA are repaired by
Definition
DNA repair enzymes
Term
DNA that contains the code for one or more proteins
Definition
gene
Term
homologous chromosomes are separated during what phase
Definition
meiosis 1
Term
Meiosis results in how many non identical daughter cells
Definition
4
Term
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Definition
reproductive cloning
Term
Induced pluripotent stem cells
Definition
therapeutic cloning without the use of embryos
Term
phase during which the cell's DNA is duplicated
Definition
S phase
Term
phase during which the cell prepares for cell division
Definition
G2
Term
phase during which most of the growth of a cell occurs
Definition
G1
Term
attaches to ribosomes at anticodon end
Definition
tRNA
Term
contains start codon sequence for protein synthesis
Definition
mRNA
Term
component of ribosome that assists in protein synthesis
Definition
rRNA
Term
processed from primary transcript produced in transcription
Definition
mRNA
Term
transports amino acids to the ribosome
Definition
tRNA
Term
preceded by replication of chromosomes during interphase
Definition
mitosis and meiosis
Term
results in production of 4 genetically different daughter cells
Definition
meiosis
Term
makes haploid daughter cells
Definition
meiosis
Term
involves pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over
Definition
meiosis
Term
involves chromosome movement and distribution of daughter cells
Definition
mitosis and meiosis
Term
results in the production of gametes
Definition
meiosis
Term
involves two successive nuclear and cell divisions
Definition
meiosis
Term
results in the production of two genetically identical daughter cells
Definition
mitosis
Term
chromatids of a chromosome separate and are pulled to opposite sides of a cell
Definition
anaphase
Term
cytoplasm divides
Definition
cytokinesis
Term
chromosomes become visible
Definition
prophase
Term
spindle forms
Definition
prophase
Term
centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell mitotic
Definition
prophase
Term
nuclear membranes form around chromosomes
Definition
telophase
Term
mitotic spindle breaks apart
Definition
telophase
Term
chromosomes are lined up along the "equator" in the center of the cell
Definition
metaphase
Term
Initiation of translation begins with a tRNA binding to a ________ on mRNA
Definition
start codon
Term
What is the process by which the DNA code of a single gene is converted into a complimentary strand of mRNA.
Definition
transcription
Term
Following replication of chromosomes, sister chromatids are held together by a
Definition
centromere
Term
Human chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins called ________, which help organize the DNA and give structure to the chromosomes.
Definition
histones
Term
Progression through the various phases of the cell cycle depends on fluctuating concentrations of
Definition
cycline
Term
The specialization of stem cells into various cellular types
Definition
differentiation
Term
The beginning of each gene in DNA is marked by the presence of a unique base sequence called
Definition
promoter
Term
Cloning for the specific purpose of treating human disease
Definition
therapeutic
Term
nucleotide sequences that actually form the mRNA and contain the genetic information
Definition
exon
Term
During translation, attachment of a "start" codon to the small ribosomal subunit starts what
Definition
initiation
Term
Fertilization of an egg in vitro, leading to separation of individual cells from the 8-cell stage for implantation into a surrogate mother
Definition
embryo splitting
Term
Meiosis in females is not complete until
Definition
fertilization
Term
The most important checkpoint in the regulation of cell reproduction is during the ________ phase of interphase
Definition
G1
Term
All cells that make up the body other than germ cells
Definition
somatic
Term
forms during cytokinesis as contractile filaments in the cell tighten
Definition
cleavage furrow
Term
The study of how gene expression is altered by factors in the cell's environment
Definition
epigenetics
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