Term
| Means rebirth - revival of art and learning |
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Definition
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Term
| The Renaissance was during what years? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Renaissance wanted to bring back the culture of what? |
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Definition
| Classical Rome and Greece |
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Term
| The Renaissance began in _____ and spread to the rest of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| List 3 reasons why the Renaissance began in Italy: |
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Definition
1.Had thriving city states.
2.Wealthy merchant class developed.
3. Italy was the location for Classical Roman and Greece art and literature. |
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Term
| What led to the growth of city states? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Scholars looked down on what during the Middle Ages? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the Medici family? |
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Definition
| Family that ruled Florence, Italy. They owned a family bank that had offices throughout Italy and Europe. |
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Term
| What happened when the Turks took over Constantinople in 1453? |
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Definition
| Christians fled to Rome with Greek manuscripts |
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Term
| Who took over Constantinople in 1453? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the result of Christians studying the Greek manuscripts? |
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Definition
| Scholars developed a new outlook on life and art |
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Term
| The study of classical texts led to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Focused on human potential and achievements: |
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Definition
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Term
| Subjects such as history, literature, and philosophy: |
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Definition
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Term
| Someone who suggested that a person might enjoy life without offending God: |
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Definition
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Term
| Humanism allowed people to enjoy what things? |
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Definition
Material luxuries
Good music
Fine foods |
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Term
| Worldly rather than spiritual: |
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Definition
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Term
| During the Renaissance, most people were _____. However, the spirit of Renaissance society was _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Person who donates money to artists to support them financially: |
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Definition
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Term
| Patrons of the arts who often donated pictures of themselves: |
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Definition
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Term
| Person who strived to master almost every area of study: |
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Definition
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Term
| Who taught that all educated people should create art during the Renaissance? |
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Definition
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Term
What did Baldassare Castiglione write?
What was it about? |
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Definition
| The Courtier (1528) - said a young man should be charming, witty, and well educated in the classics. He should dance, sing, play music, and write poetry. Should also be a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman. |
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Term
| How did women relate to art during the Renaissance? |
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Definition
| They were expected to inspire art but rarely create it |
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Term
| Renaissance art began to use new perspective that showed what? |
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Definition
| 3 dimensions on a flat surface |
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Term
| Painters began to paint what during the Renaissance? |
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Definition
| Realistic paintings of prominent citizens |
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Term
| Who painted the first realistic human body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Donatello created what piece of art? |
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Definition
| A realistic sculpture of David that was first free standing nude since ancient times |
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Term
| Leonardo da Vinci was what 4 things? |
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Definition
| Painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist |
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Term
| Who was known as a true “Renaissance Man”? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Leonardo da Vinci's 2 known pieces? |
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Definition
| Mona Lisa and The Last Supper |
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Term
| One of his favorite subjects to paint was Madonna and child: |
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Definition
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Term
| What school did Raphael paint? |
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Definition
| School of Athens for Pope Julius II's library |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Renaissance writers used techniques that writers still use today. Some wrote as Dante had in medieval times by using what? |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the earliest and most influential humanists. |
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Definition
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Term
| Some call him the father of Renaissance humanism: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Poet that wrote in Italian and Latin: |
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Definition
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Term
| Francesco Petrarch wrote his sonnets in what language? |
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Definition
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Term
| Series of realistic off-color stories: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Giovanni Boccaccio is known for what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Decameron was supposed to be told by who? |
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Definition
| A group of people waiting in a rural villa to avoid the plague sweeping over Florence |
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Term
| Machiavelli wrote what political handbook? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was The Prince about? |
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Definition
| Political handbook that began with the idea that people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt. To succeed in a wicked world a prince must be strong as a lion and shrewd as a fox. He might have to trick his enemies and even his own people. For the good of the state. Was not concerned with what was morally right but with what was politically effective. A prince must sometimes mislead the people and lie to his opponents. |
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Term
| Woman who exchanged sonnets with Michelangelo |
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Definition
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Term
| Women usually wrote about what? |
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Definition
| Personal matters not politics |
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Term
| By _____, the population of northern Europe was beginning to grow again.It had been slow due to what? |
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Definition
1450
The plague and Hundred Year's War |
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Term
| What increased along with wealth? |
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Definition
|
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Term
Where did the Northern Renaissance
begin? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What two countries had strong monarchs who supported the arts? |
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Definition
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Term
| Famous German painter who brought back ideas from Italy: |
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Definition
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Term
| Albrecht Duer produced what two things? |
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Definition
| Produced woodcuts and engravings |
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Term
| The popularity of Albrecht Duer's work spread what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who did Albrecht Duer influence? |
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Definition
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Term
| He painted portraits that were almost photographic in detail: |
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Definition
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Term
| Painted King Henry VIII and others of the royal family: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What made Flanders the artistic center of northern Europe? |
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Definition
| Support from wealthy families |
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Term
First Flemish painter was Jan van Eyck?
What was he know for? |
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Definition
First Flemish painter
One of the first painters to use oil paints
His paintings had realistic details |
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Term
| Flemish painting reached its height under what painter? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Painted everyday peasant day life like weddings, harvests, dances. Used rich colors and vivid details. |
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Definition
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Term
Who tried to reform the church during the Northern Renaissance?
Why?
What was their main priority? |
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Definition
Northern humanist writers
Believed the church failed to inspire the people to live a Christian life.
Education |
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Term
| Northern humanist writers began what movement? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Two most known Christian Humanists: |
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Definition
Desiderius Erasmus of Holland
Thomas More of England |
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Term
What did Erasmus write?
What did it poke fun of? |
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Definition
The Praise of Folly
Poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests. |
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Term
The Praise of Folly written by Erasmus thought that Christianity should be from the heart not from what 2 things?
It also claimed that all people should study what? |
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Definition
Ceremonies and rules
Bible |
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Term
What did Thomas More write?
What was it about? |
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Definition
Utopia
Is about an imaginary place where greed, corruption and war have been weeded out. There is no use for money. |
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Term
| Was one of the first people to question different treatment for boys and girls: |
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Definition
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Term
Few women were educated during this time:
This woman was educated and even wrote books: |
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Definition
Women's Reforms
Christine de Pizan |
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Term
| The mid 1500's was known as what in England? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Reigned from 1558 to 1603: |
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Definition
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Term
| Queen Elizabeth was very literate and supported the development of what? |
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Definition
| English art and literature |
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Term
| The most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age: |
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Definition
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Term
William Shakespeare was born in _____ in _____:
What did he draw on for inspiration when writing? |
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Definition
1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon
The classics |
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Term
| Who invented block printing and printed items? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The Chinese reached Europe from China during what century? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Developed a printing press that used movable type: |
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Definition
| Johann Gutenberg from Germany |
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Term
| The first full sized book printed with movable type: |
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Definition
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Term
Why was Johann Gutenberg's from Germany printing press so efficient?
Johann Gutenberg printed the first what? |
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Definition
Was easy and cheap to produce books
Complete Bible |
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Term
| List 5 changes the Renaissance made in art: |
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Definition
1.Art drew on style and technique of classical Greece and Rome.
2.Painting and sculptures were more realistic.
3.Artists created both religious and secular works.
4.Writers began to use the vernacular to write.
5.The arts praised individual achievement. |
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Term
| List 6 changes the Renaissance made in society: |
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Definition
1.Printing changed society by making more information available and cheaper.
2.Greater availability prompted a desire to learn and raised literacy throughout Europe.
3.Published accounts of new discoveries, maps, and charts led to further discoveries in a variety of fields.
4.Published laws and legal proceedings made the people understand their rights better.
5.Christian humanists - attempts to reform society changed views about how life should be lived.
6.People began to question political structures and religious practices. |
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Term
| List 8 causes of the Reformation: |
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Definition
1. Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the Church.
2. Printing press spread ideas critical of the Church.
3. Powerful monarch challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe.
4. Many leaders viewed the Pope as foreign and challenged his authority.
5. European princes and kings were jealous of the Church's wealth.
6. Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the church.
7. Some church leaders had become worldly and corrupt.
8. Many found the practices like the sale of indulgences unacceptable. |
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Term
| Martin Luther had been a _____ and taught scripture at the _____. |
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Definition
Monk
University of Wittenberg |
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Term
| In 1517, Luther decided to make a public stand against the actions of whom? |
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Definition
| A friar named Johann Tetzel |
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Term
| He had been selling indulgences to raise money to build a church: |
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Definition
| A friar named Johann Tetzel |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| His actions began the Reformation that led to churches not accepting the authority of the Pope: |
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Definition
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Term
| On _____, Martin posted _____ and invited others to debate him. Someone copied his words and took them to a _____. |
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Definition
Oct. 31, 1517
95 Theses
Printer |
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Term
| Luther's teachings rested on what 3 main ideas? |
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Definition
1) People could win salvation only by faith and Good works.
2) All teachings should be based on teachings in the Bible.
3) All people with faith were equal so one did not need a priest. |
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Term
What pope excommunicated Luther?
What happened to Luther after this?
Who took him in? |
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Definition
Pope Leo X
No one to give him food or shelter and his books were to be burned.
Prince Frederick the Wise sheltered him. |
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Term
| Martin Luther's followers became known as _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches: |
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Definition
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Term
| Time when people were asked to take an oath recognizing the divorce and accept the King as the head of the Church, not the Pope: |
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Definition
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Term
| Who restored Protestantism? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What Church did Elizabeth set up? |
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Definition
| Church of England, or the Anglican Church |
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Term
| Who did religious reforms in Switzerland began with? |
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Definition
| Huldrych Zwingli - a Catholic priest |
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Term
| Huldrych Zwingli was influenced by _____ and _____, but he died when what broke up? |
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Definition
Erasmus and Luther
War between Catholics and Protestants broke out |
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Term
In 1536, John Calvin published what book?
Book was a summary of _____ beliefs.
Said that God chooses a few to save and called these the people _____.
Believed in _____. |
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Definition
"Institutes of the Christian Religion"
Protestant
"Elect"
Predestination and Calvinism |
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Term
| Belief that men and women are sinful by nature: |
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Definition
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Term
| Belief that God has known since beginning of time who will be saved: |
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Definition
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Term
| Government controlled by religious leaders: |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Calvin believe was the ideal government? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who believed that the ideal government was a theocracy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Many Protestants trace their roots back to whom? |
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Definition
| Calvin, only they have softened his views. |
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Term
| In France, Protestants were called _____: |
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Definition
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Term
| What happened to many Huguenots in 1572? |
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Definition
| They were killed by Catholics |
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Term
| Protestants who believed only adults should be baptized: |
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Definition
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Term
| The Anabaptists were the forerunners of the whom? |
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Definition
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Term
What two things did the Anabaptists believe should be separate?
What two religions persecuted the Anabaptists? |
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Definition
Church and state
Catholics and Protestants |
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Term
Movement in Catholic Church to reform:
What have historians have called this reform? |
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Definition
Catholic Reformation
The Counter Reformation |
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Term
| Who were the leaders of the Catholic Reformation? |
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Definition
| Ignatius of Loyola and the two Popes -“Paul III and Paul IV |
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Term
| Jesuits focused on what 3 activities? |
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Definition
1.Founded schools throughout Europe
2.Converted non Christians to Catholicism
3.Stop the spread of Protestantism |
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Term
| What 4 things did Pope Paul III do to reform the Catholic Church? |
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Definition
1.Investigated the selling of indulgences
2.Approved the Jesuit order
3.Used the Inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territories
4.Had a council of Church leaders meet in Trent, in northern Italy |
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Term
| In the Council of Trent, Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on what following 4 things? |
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Definition
1.The Church's interpretation of the Bible was final.
2.Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. One was not saved by faith alone - same as Luther had said.
3.Bible and Church traditions were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life.
4.Indulgences were valid expressions of faith, but false selling of indulgences was banned. |
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Term
| What did the Reformation end? |
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Definition
| Ended the Christian unity of Europe and left it culturally divided |
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Term
| The Catholic Church became more unified because of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Both Protestants and Catholics gave more emphasis to what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What happened as the Church's moral and political authority declined? |
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Definition
| Individual monarchs and states gained power. This led to the development of modern nation-states |
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Term
| Who drew up a list of the Forbidden Books? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Burned these in bonfires - many were Protestant Bibles: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When did Ignatius have turning point in his life? |
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Definition
| When he was injured in war |
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Term
| He spent his time thinking about his sins and about the life of Jesus. His daily devotions, he believed, cleansed his soul: |
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Definition
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Term
Ignatius wrote a book called the _____ that laid out a day-by-day plan of meditation, prayer and study.
Ignatius' followers were called _____: |
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Definition
Spiritual Exercises
Jesuits |
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Term
In 1541 Calvin lead the _____ in ______.
Calvin ran the city with what 3 strict rules? |
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Definition
Protestants
Geneva, Switzerland
1. Everyone must attend religion class
2. No one can wear bright colors or play card games
3. Anyone who preaches a different doctrine will be burned at the stake. |
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Term
| Who visited Geneva and went back to Scotland and put Calvin's ideas to work? |
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Definition
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Term
Followers of Know:
Each community was governed by a group of _____ called _____: |
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Definition
Presbyterians
Laymen
Presbyters |
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Term
This became Scotland's official religion and they deposed their Catholic ruler, _____ who was _____.
Who did this ruler pick to rule? |
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Definition
Presbyterian
Mary Queen of Scots
Picked her infant son |
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Term
Who was crowned king when Henry died?
The new king had _____ adult advisors.
How many years did the new king rule? |
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Definition
Edward- at age 9
Protestant
Constantly in bad health and ruled for only 6 years |
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Term
Who took after King Edward died?
What did this new ruler do?
Who takes over after this new ruler dies? |
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Definition
Mary (his first daughter by Catherine)
Returned to England to the Catholic Church
Elizabeth in 1588 |
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|
Term
Anne Boleyn's daughter:
What happened to Anne Boleyn? |
|
Definition
Elizabeth
King Henry had Anne Boleyn beheaded for treason (which she was not guilty of) |
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Term
| What did King Henry do after he had Anne Boleyn beheaded for treason? |
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Definition
| He married Jane Seymour who gave him a son Edward. He had 3 more wives, but none of them produced children. |
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Term
King Henry VIII of England ask Parliament to do in 1529?
Why? |
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Definition
He asked Parliament to pass laws that ended the Pope's power in England.
King Henry VIII of England wanted a male heir. He had only 1 daughter Mary and didn't believe his wife Catherine or Aragon could give him a son. |
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Term
What did King Henry VIII of England He asked the Pope to do?
What did King Henry VIII do as a result? |
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Definition
He asked the Pope to annul his marriage to Catherine or Aragon and he refused.
In 1533 he secretly married Anne Boleyn. Parliament legalized his divorce from Catherine. |
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Term
| What ruler fought for his subjects to remain Catholic? |
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Definition
|
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Term
Charles V of Germany finally got tired of the princes fighting over _____ and _____.
What did he then do as a result? |
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Definition
Protestantism and Catholicism
He had all of the German princes assembled in Augsburg. Signed the Peace of Augsburg that let the princes decide what religion they would be. |
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Term
| What did Charles V of Germany sign so that the princes could decide what religion they would be? |
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Definition
|
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Term
What happened when a French king claimed the throne in Naples and invaded Italy?
Where did many artists flee for a safer?
What did these fleeing artists bring with them? |
|
Definition
Artistic ideas spread
Northern Europe
Brought with them the ideas and techniques of the Italian Renaissance |
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|
Term
| During this time, ideas mingled with northern traditions and the northern Renaissance: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
The artists during the Italian Renaissance were interested in what 2 things?
What inspired some northern humanists to develop plans for social reform based on Judeo-Christian values? |
|
Definition
Realism and the Renaissance
Ideal of human dignity |
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|
Term
| The ideal of human dignity inspired some northern humanists to develop what plans? |
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Definition
| Plans for social reform based on Judeo-Christian values |
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