Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 17/21
Blood
166
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/26/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Overview of Circulation: Step 1
Definition
Blood leaves the heart via arteries that branch repeatedly until they become capillaries
Term
Overview of Circulation: Step 2
Definition
Oxygen and nutrients diffuse across capillary walls and enter tissues
Term
Overview of Circulation: Step 3
Definition
Carbon dioxide and wastes move from tissue into the blood
Term
Overview of Circulation: Step 4
Definition
Oxygen-deficient blood leaves the capillaries and flows in veins to the heart
Term
Overview of Circulation: Step 5
Definition
This blood flows to the lungs where it releases CO2 and picks up O2
Term
Overview of Circulation: Step 6
Definition
Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart
Term
What kind of tissue is blood?
Definition
Liquid
Term
What is blood composed of?
Definition
liquid plasma and formed elements
Term
What are the formed elements of blood?
Definition
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
Term
What is a hemotcrit?
Definition
percentage of RBC out of the total blood volume
Term
What are the glycoprotein antigens on the RBC membranes used for?
Definition
unique to the individual, determines blood type, recognized as foreign of transfused into another individual
Term
How many varieties of RBC are there?
Definition
30
Term
What are the major blood groups?
Definition
ABO and Rh
Term
What are the minor blood groups?
Definition
M, N, Dufy, Kell, and Lewis
Term
Why is knowing the major blood groups important?
Definition
vigorous transfusion reactions when they are improperly transfused
Term
Why is knowing the minor blood groups important?
Definition
Important with multiple transfusions
Term
What do the ABO glood groups consist of?
Definition
Proteins A and B on the surface of the RBC, anti-A/B in the plasma
Term
Type A blood expresses what proteins and what Antigens?
Definition
A, anti-B
Term
Type B blood expresses what proteins and what Antigens?
Definition
B, Anti-A
Term
Type AB blood expresses what proteins and what Antigens?
Definition
A&B, no antigens
Term
Type O blood expresses what proteins and what Antigens?
Definition
No proteins, anti-A and anti-B
Term
What does the Rh group deal with?
Definition
Whether or not the blood is +/-
Term
Why is the Rh group important?
Definition
If the Rh protein is lacking the patient expresses anti-Rh
Term
WHat is plasma?
Definition
serum + clotting factors
Term
What is the pH of blood?
Definition
7.35-7.45
Term
What is blood's temperature?
Definition
38 C, 100.4 F
Term
What are the proteins contained within plasma?
Definition
albumin, globulins, clotting proteins, and others
Term
What are the organic nutrients contained within plasma?
Definition
glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids
Term
What are the electrolytes contained within plasma?
Definition
sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate
Term
What are the respiratory gases contained within plasma?
Definition
oxygen and carbon dioxide
Term
What are other solutes contained within plasma?
Definition
lactic acid, urea, creatinine
Term
What breaks down to form platelets?
Definition
megakaryocyte
Term
How long do formed elements survive in the bloodstream for?
Definition
a few days
Term
How are blood cells renewed?
Definition
by cells in bone marrow
Term
What is the role of the plasma membrane protein spectrin and others?
Definition
give rbc their flexibility allow them to change shape as necessary
Term
How are rbc fueled?
Definition
anaerobic atp production
Term
What is hemoglobin composed of?
Definition
protein globin, made up of two alpha and two beta chains, each bound to a heme group
Term
What is oxyhemoglobin?
Definition
Hb bound to oxygen, O2 loading takes place in the lungs
Term
What is deoxyhemoglobin?
Definition
Hb after oxygen diffuses into tissues, reduced Hb
Term
What is Carbaminohemoglobin?
Definition
Hb bound to CO2. CO2 loading takes plac eint he tissues
Term
What is carboxyhemoglobin?
Definition
Hb bound to CO
Term
What is methoxyhemoglobin?
Definition
Hb contianing ferric (Fe3+) instead of Ferrous (Fe2+)
Term
Why can ferric (Fe3+) instead of ferrous (Fe2+) Hb containing groups be troublesome?
Definition
Ferric can't bid or release oxygen as well
Term
What is hematopoiesis?
Definition
blood cell formation
Term
Where does hetapoiesis occur?
Definition
red bone marrow of the axial skeleton and girdles, epiphyses of the humerus and femur
Term
What gives rise to all formed elements?
Definition
Hemocytoblasts
Term
What is erythropoiesis?
Definition
production of rbc
Term
What is hemocytoblast transformed into during erythropoiesis?
Definition
proerythroblast
Term
What does a proerythroblast develop into?
Definition
early erythroblast
Term
What happens to change a proerythroblast into a early erythroblast?
Definition
Ribosome synthesis
Term
What causes an early erythroblast to change into a late eryhtroblast/normoblast?
Definition
hemoglobin accumulation
Term
What happens to change a normoblast into a reticulocyte?
Definition
Ejection of the nucelus
Term
What type of cell leaves teh red bone marrow?
Definition
reticulocyte
Term
What happens to a reticulocyte after leaving the red bone marrow?
Definition
matures into erythrocyte
Term
What leads to tissue hypoxia?
Definition
too few RBC
Term
Too many RBCs causes what?
Definition
undersirable blood viscosity
Term
How is erythropoiesis controlled?
Definition
Hormonally and depends on adequate supplies of iron, amino acids and B viatmins
Term
Where is erythropoietin (EPO) released from?
Definition
the kidneys
Term
How is erythropoietein triggered by?
Definition
hypoxia, decreased O2 availability, increased tissue demand for oxygen
Term
What does enhanced erythropoesis increase?
Definition
RBC count in circulating blood, oxygen carrying ability of the blood
Term
What does erythropoietin stimulate?
Definition
Red bone marrow
Term
What does erythropoiesis require?
Definition
Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, iron vitamin B12, folic acid
Term
Where does the body store iron?
Definition
hemoglobin, liver, spleen, bone marrow
Term
Where is most of the body's iron stored?
Definition
Hemoglobin, 65%
Term
Where is intracellular iron stored?
Definition
Protein-iron complexes such as ferritin and hemosiderin
Term
What is the role of transferrin?
Definition
transport protein that binds circulating iron
Term
What is the life span of an erythrocyte?
Definition
100-120 days
Term
What happens as RBCs age?
Definition
become rigid and fragile, Hb begins to degenerate
Term
What happens to dying RBCs?
Definition
engulfed by macrophages
Term
What happens as the RBC is engulfed by the macrophages?
Definition
heme and globin are separated and iron salvaged for reuse
Term
What happens to heme after RBC death?
Definition
degraded to a yellow pigment called bilirubin
Term
What do the intestines metabloize bile into?
Definition
urobilinogen
Term
What happens to urobilinogen?
Definition
leaves the body in feces, pigment called stercobilin
Term
What happens to globin after RBC death?
Definition
metabolized into amino acids and is released into the circulation
Term
What happens to Hb that is released into the blood?
Definition
Captured by haptoglobin and phagocytized.
Term
WHat is anemia?
Definition
blood has abnormally low O2 carrying capacity
Term
What are the signs of anemia?
Definition
fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, chills
Term
What is the result of acute or chronic loss of blood?
Definition
hemorrhagic anemia
Term
What is hemolytic anemia?
Definition
prematurely ruptured RBCs
Term
What is aplastic anemia?
Definition
destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow
Term
What can Iron-deficiency anemia result from?
Definition
secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia, inadequate intake of iron-containing foods, impaired iron absorption
Term
What can pernicious anemia result from?
Definition
vitamin b12 deficiency, lack of intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption
Term
What is Thalassemias?
Definition
absent of faulty globin chain in Hb
Term
What happens to RBCs as a result of Thalassemias?
Definition
RBCs are thin, delicate, and deficient in Hb
Term
What is polycythemia?
Definition
excess RBCs that increase blood viscocity, taxing the heart
Term
What are the three main polycythemias?
Definition
polycythemia vera, secondary polycythemia, blood doping
Term
Which blood component are complete cells?
Definition
leukocytes/WBCs
Term
How can leukocytes leave capillaries?
Definition
Via diapedesis
Term
WHat is leukocytosis?
Definition
WBC count over 11,000 / mm3. Normal response to bacterial/viral invasion
Term
What is leukopenia?
Definition
low WBC count
Term
What is leukemia?
Definition
High immature WBC count, incapable of fighting
Term
What happens as a result of leukemia?
Definition
Immature cells starves out other components of blood
Term
What are the two types of leukocytes?
Definition
agranulated, granulated
Term
What are the granulated leukocytes?
Definition
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Term
WHat are the agranulated leukocytes?
Definition
lymphocytes, monocytes
Term
WHat is different about agranulated leukocytes?
Definition
Specificity, have 'memory'
Term
What do the granules of neutrophils contain?
Definition
peroxidases, hydrolytic enzymes, defensins
Term
How do neutrophils destroy bacteria and some parasites?
Definition
non-specifically
Term
What are the roles of eosinophils?
Definition
lead the body's counterattack against parasitic worms, lessen the severity of allergies by phagocytizing immune complexes
Term
What do the granules of basophils contain?
Definition
histamine, seretonin, heparin
Term
WHat is histamine?
Definition
inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs (antihistamines counter this effect)
Term
Where are lymphocytes typically found?
Definition
enmeshed in lymphoid tissue (some circulate the blood)
Term
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
Definition
T and B
Term
Where are T lymphocytes made?
Definition
Thymus
Term
What is the role of T cells?
Definition
function in the immune response
Term
What is the role of B cells?
Definition
give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
Term
Where are B lymphocytes made?
Definition
bone marrow
Term
What happens when monocytes leave circulation and enter tissue?
Definition
differentiate into macrophages
Term
Where are macrophages (differentiated monocytes) found?
Definition
lung, liver, and other immune tissue
Term
What do macrophages activate?
Definition
lymphocytes to mount an immune response.
Term
What is the other role of macrophages?
Definition
educate the immune system, trains lymphocytes what to eat
Term
What do the granules of platelets contain?
Definition
serotonin, CA2+, ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
Term
What is platelets function in the clotting mechanism?
Definition
forming a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
Term
How are platelets not involved in clotting kept inactive by?
Definition
nitrous oxide and prostacyclin
Term
How is a platelet formed?
Definition
Hemocytoblast > Megakaryoblast > Promegakaryocyte > Megacaryocyte > Platelets
Term
What is hemostasis?
Definition
reactions for stoppage of bleeding
Term
WHat happens during hemostasis?
Definition
vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation
Term
What are vascular spasms?
Definition
immediate vasoconstriction in response to injury
Term
Upon dmage to blood vessel endothelium platelets adhere to what?
Definition
Collagen
Term
What helps in adhering the platelets to collagen?
Definition
von Willebrand factor (VWF)
Term
What do the activated platelets produce?
Definition
thromboxane A2
Term
WHat does thromboxane A2 do?
Definition
activates new platelets
Term
What happens to the platelets after sticking to exposed collage fibers?
Definition
form a platelet plug
Term
After the platelets have adhered to collagen what do they release?
Definition
serotonin and ADP
Term
What happens as a result of the release of serotonin and ADP from platelets?
Definition
attracts more platelets
Term
What limits the platelet plug?
Definition
prostacyclin to the immediate area of injury
Term
What is coagulation?
Definition
Set of reactions in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel
Term
What are the two pathways of coagulation?
Definition
intrinsic and extrinsic
Term
What are teh three final steps of this series of reactions?
Definition
prothrombin activator is formed, prothrombin is converted into thrombin, thrombin catalyzed the joining of fibrinogen into a fibrin mesh
Term
What is the intrinsic activator?
Definition
Collagen release
Term
What is the extrinsic activator?
Definition
tissue factor leaking out
Term
How is coagulation initiated by?
Definition
Either intrinsic or extrinsic pathway
Term
What does each pathway cascade toward?
Definition
Factor X
Term
What happens once factor X is activated?
Definition
complexes with calcium ions, PF3, and factor V to form prothrombin activator
Term
What does prothrombin activator do?
Definition
catalyzes teh transformation of prothrombin to the active enzyme thrombin
Term
What does thrombin do?
Definition
catalyzes the polymerization of fibrinogen into fibrin
Term
What forms the structural basis of a clot?
Definition
insoluble fibrin strands
Term
What happens to plasma as a result of fibrin?
Definition
becomes a gel-like trap
Term
What happens when thrombin is in the presence of calcium ions?
Definition
activates factor XIII
Term
What happens when factor XIII activates?
Definition
cross-links fibrin, strengthens and stabilizes the clot
Term
WHat is clot retraction?
Definition
stabilization of the clot by squeezing serum from the fibrin strands.
Term
What stimulates rebuilding of blood vessel wall?
Definition
PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
Term
What is blood vessel repair stimulated by?
Definition
vascular endothelia growth factor (VEGF), endothelial cells multiply and restore the endothelial lining
Term
What limits clot growth?
Definition
swift removal of clotting factors, inhibition of activated clotting factors via dilution
Term
What happens to thrombin that is not absorbed to fibrin?
Definition
is inactivated by antithrombin III
Term
What is the role of heparin?
Definition
an anticoagulant, also inhibits thrombin activity
Term
How does fibrin act as an anticoagulant?
Definition
by binding thrombin
Term
What does the binding of fibrin to thrombin prevent?
Definition
positive feedback effects of coagulation, ability to speed up the production of prothrombin activator via factor V, acceleration of the intrinsic pathway by activating platelets
Term
Extrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 0
Definition
Tissue cell trauma causes exposure of blood, releasing Tissue Factor
Term
Extrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 1
Definition
Tissue Factor attracts Ca2+
Term
Extrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 2
Definition
Presence of Ca2+ activates Factor VII
Term
Extrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 3
Definition
Complex of VIIa/Tissue Factor formed
Term
Intrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 0
Definition
Collagen exposure due to vessel rupture
Term
Intrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 1
Definition
Exposure of collagen attracts platelets to cling to vessel providing surface for mobilization of factors
Term
Intrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 2
Definition
Factor XII is activated
Term
Intrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 3
Definition
Factor XIIa activates factor XI
Term
Intrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 4
Definition
Factors XIa, VIIa, and Ca2+ activate factor IX
Term
Intrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 5
Definition
Factor IXa activates factor VIII
Term
Intrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 6
Definition
Factor IXa and VIIIa form IXa/VIIIa complex
Term
Common Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 0
Definition
Presence of IXa/VIIIa and/or VIIa/TF activates factor X
Term
Common Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 1
Definition
Xa complexes with Ca2+ and PF3
Term
Common Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 2
Definition
XaCa2+PF3 complex activates Factor 5
Term
Common Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 3
Definition
XaVaCa2+PF3 complexes to form prothrombin activator
Term
Common Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 4
Definition
Prothrombin activator activates prothrombin to thrombin
Term
Common Pathway to Fibrin Mesh: Step 1
Definition
Presence of Thrombin activates Factor XIII, converts Fibrinogen into Fibrin
Term
Role of Factor XIIIa
Definition
Cross weaves fibrin then precipitates out of solution when dense and heavy enough and goes to where needed
Supporting users have an ad free experience!