Term
| Endocrine system - overview |
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Definition
| body's means by which it influence metabolic activities of cells by means of hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and thymus |
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Term
| The pancreas and gonads also produce what other product? |
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Definition
| Produce both hormones and exocrine |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals that exert effect on the same cells that secrete them |
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Term
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Definition
| locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids |
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Term
| What are characteristics of hormones? |
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Definition
| Regulate the metabolic functions of other cells, have lag times ranging from seconds to hours, tend to have prolonged effects, are classified as amino acid-based hormones, or steroid |
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Term
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Definition
| biologically active lipids with local hormone-like activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Amino acid based, steroid, Eicosanoids |
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Term
| Amino-acid based hormone types |
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Definition
| Amines, thyroxine, peptide, and protein hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| gonadal and adrenocortical hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| leukotrienes and prostaglandins |
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Term
| Target Cell Specificity: Overview |
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Definition
| Hormones circulate to all tissue but only activate target cells. Target cells must have specific receptors to which the hormone binds. The receptors may be intracellular or located on the plasma membrane |
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Term
| Three types of hormone interactions |
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Definition
| Permissiveness, Synergism, Antagonism |
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Term
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Definition
| one hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present |
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Term
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Definition
| more than one hormone produces the same effects on a target cell (multiply) |
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Term
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Definition
| one or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone (blocking) |
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Term
| How is the release of hormone controlled? |
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Definition
| Through a negative feedback system that varies with a narrow desirable rage based on blood levels |
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Term
| What are hormones synthesized and released in response to? |
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Definition
| Humoral stimuli, Neural stimuli, Hormonal stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How many lobes does the pituitary gland contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many major hormones does the pituitary gland secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior lobe and the infundibulum |
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Term
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Definition
| connecting stalk between hypothalamus and posterior lobe of pituitary |
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Term
| What is the functiom of the neurohypophysis? |
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Definition
| Receives, stores, and releases hormones from the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| anterior lobe, made up of glandular tissue |
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Term
| Function of the Adenohypophysis |
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Definition
| Synthesizes and secretes a number of hormones |
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Term
| Pituitary-Hypothalamic Relationships: Posterior Lobe - General info |
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Definition
| Posterior lobe is a down growth of hypothalamic neural tissue. Has a neural connection with the hypothalamus (hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract) |
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Term
| What does the nuclei of the hypothalamus synthesize? |
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Definition
| Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Term
| What happens to the hormones synthesized by the nuclei of the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| Transported to the pituitary |
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Term
| What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary an out-pocketing of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is there direct neural contact with the hypothalamus and the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypophyseal portal system |
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Definition
| the vascular connection between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus |
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Term
| What does the hypophyseal portal system consist of? |
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Definition
| Primary capillary plexus, Hyophyseal portal veins, secondary capillary plexus |
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Term
| The hypothalamus sends a chemical stimulus to the anterior pituitary: Release |
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Definition
| Releasing hormones stimulate the synthesis and release of hormones |
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Term
| The hypothalamus sends a chemical stimulus to the anterior pituitary: Inhibiting |
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Definition
| Inhibiting hormones shut off the synthesis and release of hormones |
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Term
| What are tropic hormones? |
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Definition
| Hormones that produce indirect effects at organs |
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Term
| Tropic hormones released by the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland |
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Definition
| Growth Hormone (GH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Prolactin (PRL) |
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Term
| Function of the Tropic Hormones |
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Definition
| Regulate the activity of other endocrine glands |
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Term
| What is the posterior pituitary lobe made up of? |
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Definition
| made of axons of hypothalamic neurons |
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Term
| What does the posterior pituitary lobe store? |
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Definition
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) and oxytocin |
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Term
| What does Antidiuretic hormone influence? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does oxytocin stimulate? |
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Definition
| Smooth muscle contraction in breasts and uterus |
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Term
| What does thyroid hormone consist of? |
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Definition
| Two related iodine-containing compounds. T4 and T3 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is Thyroxine made up of? |
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Definition
| Two tyrosine molecules plus four bound iodine atoms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is triiodothyronine made up of? |
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Definition
| two tyrosines, and three bound iodine atoms |
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Term
| What is Thyroid Hormone concerned with? |
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Definition
| Glucose oxidation, Increasing metabolic rate, Heat production |
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Term
| What does thyroid hormone play a role in? |
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Definition
| Maintaining blood pressure, regulating tissue growth, developing skeletal and nervous systems, maturation and reproductive capabilities |
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Term
| Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone: Step 1 |
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Definition
| Thyroglobulin is synthesized and discharged into the lumen of the follicle |
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Term
| Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone: Step 2 |
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Definition
| Iodides (I-) are actively taken into the cell, oxidized to iodine (I2), and released into the lumen |
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Term
| Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone: Step 3 |
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Definition
| Iodine attaches to tyrosine, mediated by peroxidase enzymes, forming T1 (monoiodotyrosine, or MIT) and T2 (diiodotyrosine, or DIT) |
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Term
| Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone: Step 4 |
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Definition
| Iodinated tyrosines link together to form T3 or T4 |
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Term
| Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone: Step 5 |
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Definition
| Colloid is then endocytosed and combined with a lysosome where T3 and T4 are cleaved from thryoglobulin and diffuse into the bloodstream |
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Term
| Which "T" is there generally more of? |
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Definition
| More T2 than T1, more T4 than T3 |
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Term
| What produces Calcitonin? |
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Definition
| The parafollicular cells of the thyroid |
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Term
| What does calcitonin target? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Calcitonin's function? |
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Definition
| Inhibits osteoclast activity and release of calcium from the bone matrix. Stimulates calcium uptake and incorporation into the bone matrix |
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Term
| How is calcitonin regulated? |
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Definition
| A humoral (calcium ion concentration in the blood) negative feedback mechanism |
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Term
| How are the cells of the parathyroid glands arranged? |
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Definition
| In cords containing oxyphil and chielf cells |
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Term
| What do the Chief (principal) cells secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Parathormone's (PTH) function? |
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Definition
| Regulates caclium balance in the blood |
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Term
| What does PTH release do, basic? |
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Definition
| Increases Ca2+ in the blood |
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Term
| What does PTH release do, whole story> |
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Definition
| Stimulates osteoclasts to digest bone matrix, enhances the reabsorption of Ca2+ and the secretion of phosphate by the kidneys, Increases absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal mucosa |
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Term
| How is PTH release inhibited? |
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Definition
| By rising Ca2+ levels in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| paired, pyramid-shaped organs atop the kidneys |
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Term
| Structurally and functionally the Adrenal Glands is what two glands in one? |
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Definition
| Adrenal medulla and Adrenal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| neural tissue that acts as part of the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| glandular tissue derived from embryonic mesoderm |
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Term
| What does the adrenal cortex synthesize and release? |
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Definition
| Steroid hormones called corticosteroids |
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Term
| What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex? |
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Definition
| Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis |
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Term
| Smooth muscle contraction in breasts and uterus through oxytocin stimulation is a result of what mechanism? |
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Definition
| PIP-calcium second messenger |
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Term
| What does the Zona gomerulosa produce? |
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Definition
| Mineralcorticoids, chiefly aldosterone |
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Term
| What does the Zona fasciculata produce? |
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Definition
| Glucocorticoids, chiefly cortisol |
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Term
| What does the Zona reticularis produce? |
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Definition
| Gonadocorticoids, chiefly androgens |
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Term
| What is the role of a Mineralocorticoids? |
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Definition
| Regulation of electrolytes in extracellular fluids. |
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Term
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Definition
| most important mineralocorticoid |
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Term
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Definition
| Maintains Na+ balance by reducing excretion of sodium from the body. Stimulates reabsorbtion of Na+ by the kidneys |
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Term
| Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by: |
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Definition
| Rising blood levels of K+, Low blood Na+, decreasing blood volume pressure |
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Term
| Glucocorticoids (Cortisol): Helps the body resist stress by |
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Definition
| Keeping blood sugar levels relatively constant. Maintaining blood volume and preventing water shift into the tissue |
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Term
| Glucocorticoids (Cortisol): Cortisol provokes |
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Definition
| Gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from noncarbohyrdates), rises in blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids |
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Term
| Excessive levels of glucocorticoids |
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Definition
| Depress cartilage and bone formation, inhibit inflammation, depress the immune system, promote changes in cardiovascular, neural, and gastrointestinal function |
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Term
| Gonadocorticoids (Sex hormones): Most secreted |
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Definition
| Androgens, most important one is testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| The onset of puberty. The appearance of secondary sex characteristics, sex drive in females |
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Term
| After menopause what can androgens be converted into? |
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenal Medulla is made up of what cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do Chromaffin eclls secrete? |
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Definition
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
| Secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine causes: |
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Definition
| Blood glucose levels to rise, Blood vessels to constrict, the heart to beat faster, blood to be diverted to the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle |
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Term
| What role does epinephrine play with the heart? |
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Definition
| The more potent stimulator of the heart and metabolic activities |
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Term
| What is norepinephrine's more influential role? |
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Definition
| Peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| products are hormones, glandular, diffuses into blood stream |
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Term
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Definition
| not hormones, leave through duct cells |
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Term
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Definition
| triangular gland, with both exocrine and endcorine cells, located behind the stomach |
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Term
| exocrine product of the pancreas |
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Definition
| acinar cells produce an enzyme-rich juice used for digestion |
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Term
| What are the pancreatic islets made up of? |
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Definition
| Alpha cells and Beta cells |
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Term
| What do the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are the products produced by the pancreatic islets endocrinic or exocrinic? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A 29 amino acid polypeptide hormone that is a potent hyperglycemic agent |
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Term
| What is glucagon's major target? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does glucagon promote? |
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Definition
| Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, release of glucose to the blood form liver cells? |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
| a 51-amino acid protein consisting of two amino acid chains linked by disulfide bonds |
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Term
| What is insulin first synthesized as? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we get insulin from proinsulin? |
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Definition
| Proinsulin is excised by enzymes, releasing functional insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| Lowers blood glucose levels, enhances transport of glucose into body cells, counters metabolic activity that would enhance blood glucose levels |
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Term
| Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels: Rising blood glucose level: Step 1 |
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Definition
| Pancreas releases insulin |
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Term
| Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels: Rising blood glucose level: Step 2 |
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Definition
| Insulin stimulates glucose uptake by cells and stimulates glycogen formulation in the liver |
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Term
| Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels: Rising blood glucose level: Step 3 |
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Definition
| Blood Glucose returns to normal range |
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Term
| Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels: Declining blood glucose level: Step 1 |
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Definition
| Pancreas releases glucagon |
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Term
| Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels: Declining blood glucose level: Step 2 |
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Definition
| Glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver |
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Term
| Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels: Declining blood glucose level: Step 3 |
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Definition
| Blood glucose rises to normal range |
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Term
| Diabetes mellitus results from... |
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Definition
| hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin |
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Term
| What are the three cardinal signs of Diabetes? |
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Definition
| Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| excessive hunger and food consumption |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive insulin secretion, resulting in hypoglycemia |
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Term
| What are the female gonads? |
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Definition
| Paired ovaries in the abdominopelvic cavity |
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Term
| What hormones do the ovaries produce? |
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Definition
| Estrogens and progesterone |
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Term
| What are the female gonads responsible for? |
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Definition
| Maturation of the reproductive organs, appearance of secondary sexual characteristics, breast development and cyclic changes in the uterine mucosa |
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Term
| What are the male gonads? |
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Definition
| Testes located in an extraabdominal sac (scrotum) |
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Term
| What hormones do the male gonads produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the role of testosterone? |
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Definition
| Initiates maturation of male reproductive organs. Causes appearance of secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive, is necessary for sperm production. maintains sex organs in their functional state |
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Term
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Definition
| Small gland hanging from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain |
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Term
| What hormone does the pineal gland secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is melatonin involved with? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what point are melatonin levels highest? |
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Definition
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Term
| What physiological processes does melatonin affect? |
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Definition
| ones that show rhythmic variations )decrease body temperature, induce sleep, suppress appetite) |
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Term
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Definition
| Lobulated gland located deep to the sternum |
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Term
| What are the major hormonal products of the thymus? |
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Definition
| Thymopoietins and thymosins |
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Term
| What are thymopoietens and thymosins essential for? |
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Definition
| The development of T lymphocytes (T Cells) of the immune system |
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