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Chapter 16
study questions
55
History
11th Grade
01/06/2010

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Term
1. Who created the United States Sanitary Commission, and what was the purpose of the organization?
Definition
-President Lincoln; to promote healthier conditions at camps and support volunteer acts for food and water
Term
2. What organization inspired the creation of the Sanitary commission?
Definition
-"The Women's Central Association of relief"
Term
3. How did "Mother" Bickerdyke play a major role in the Civil War?
Definition
-major fundraiser, became agent for the Sanitary Commission to inspect camps
-set up convalescent hospitals and used government supplies
-motivational speakers and comfort soldiers
Term
4. What were the similarities between the North and the South at the beginning of the Cvil War?
Definition
-blamed others for the break-up of the Union
-largely unprepared for the war
-would win easily in short war
-boasted superiority and scorned each other
Term
5. Where and when did the Civil War begin?
Definition
-Fort Sumter; Charleston, South Carolina (April 12, 1861)
Term
6. Why did the war begin there?
Definition
-Confederates needed to control their territory as a sign of sovereignty
Term
7. Why did Southerners enlist eagerly?
Definition
-Southern honor would contrast to Northern cowardice
-accept the idea of the war as a fight against tyranny
-thought the war would be short, exciting adventure
-wanted to please local communities
Term
8. What states left the Union during the first secession between December 1860 and February 1, 1861?
Definition
-(Seven) Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas
Term
9. What states were referred to as the border states?
Definition
-Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware
Term
10. Why was the border states' decision important?
Definition
-It gave control of the Ohio and Missouri Rivers to the Union
-It decreased the manufacturing
-It undermined the South's argument that they had to succeed in order to protect slavery
-If the border states would have left, they would have increased the South;s white fighting population by 45 percent
Term
11. Why was the public attack on the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment in Baltimore important?
Definition
-It moved Lincoln to curtail civil rights in the name of national security
Term
12. What were the two names for the first battle of the Civil War, which occurred in Virginia in July 1861?
Definition
- Manassas and Bull Creek (Run)
Term
13. What were the North's advantages in the Civil War?
Definition
-larger population
-more railroad mileage
-more industrial capacity
-greater manufacturing compatibility like shoes
Term
14. What were the South's actual advantages in the Civil War?
Definition
-reality fighting defensive war
-tradition of Honor of excellent generals
-North would have to occupy to win the South
-better trained troops at beginning of war
Term
15. What was Lincoln's primary goal early on in the war?
Definition
-to keep union together and reconcile South as soon as possible
Term
16. What controversial actions did Lincoln think were justified by military necessity?
Definition
-suspension of Habeas Corpus
-called up state militia and expanded the military budget without approval of Congress
-rejected general Freemont's declaration to freeing slaves to Missouri
-accepted Kentucky's claim neutrality
Term
17. What were greenbacks?
Definition
-paper bank notes issued by the federal government under the Legal Tender Act on February 18, 1862
Term
18. What economic development legislation did the Republicans pass during the Civil War?
Definition
-established national currency and outlawed state bank notes
-federal government fund program of internal improvements
-protect businesses from competition with Morrill Tariff
-force state banks to obey federal charters
Term
19. What Mexican victory, which occurred on May 5, 1862, is celebrated as the Mexican national holiday: El Cinco de Mayo?
Definition
-victory of Mexican forces over the invading French army on May 5, 1862
Term
20. Who kept the Laird ironclads from being delivered to the South?
Definition
-William Seward (Secretary of State)
Term
21. Why did Britain not intervene in the Civil War to preserve its cotton supply as the South expected?
Definition
-British public opinion opposed slavery
-used other cotton suppliers in India and Egypt
-British government (London) preferred to wait until South showed they could win
-Britain chose to use backlog of Southern cotton
Term
22. What were the Confederacy's self-imposed difficulties?
Definition
-insufficient revenue because governors refused to oppose taxes
-draft law created class resentments
-embargo on cotton led to revenue losses and later falling prices
-prices were going up 9,000 percent because items were so scarce
Term
23. What does the map of the major battles in the East in 1861-1862 show?
Definition
-general McClellan lost the Seven Days Battle but won at Antietam
Term
24. What does the map of the major battles in the Interior in 1862-1863 show?
Definition
-North and South deadlocked in the east
Term
25. What do the major battles of 1862 shows?
Definition
-began with Union victories on Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers
-included capture of Memphis, TN in June 1863
-last capture was Vicksburg in July 1863
-nearly fail at Shiloh Church in April
-North effort to control Mississippi River superior and Grant's determination
Term
26. How was the North able to eventually gain control of the Mississippi River?
Definition
-shows that Grant moves South through Mississippi to take Vicksburg
Term
27. What major events were part of the war in the Trans-Mississippi West?
Definition
-treaty of alliance between Confederates and Cherokee Indians
-defeat of Confederates by Colorado militia at Glorieta Pass in 1862
-capture and force "Longwalk" of 8,000 Navajos to New Mexico in 1863
Term
28. What attempts at suppressing Native Americans resulted from hostilities during the Civil War?
Definition
-there was a mass execution of the Santie Sioux at Mankato, Minnesota
-"Longwalk" of Navajo to Bosque Redondo
-post war land secessions from tribes in Indian territories
-holding of 8,000 Navajo's as prisoners until treaty was signed in 1868
Term
29. What advancements in ship building resulted from the battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac?
Definition
-2 ironclads = advancement. iron plating on ships and revolving gun turrets
Term
30. How did Union officer Benjamin Butler attract slaves to Union lines?
Definition
-declared escaped slaves contraband of war thereby attracting slaves to Union lines
Term
31. What slaves were actually freed by the Emancipation Proclamation?
Definition
-Only slaves in Confederate controlled Territory
-Lincoln gave a new purpose to the war (January 1, 1863)
Term
32. What feminist leader advocated the Thirteenth Amendment?
Definition
-Elizabeth Cady Stanton
-Susan B. Anthony
Term
33. Where did the African-Americans come from who served in the Union Army?
Definition
-Free blacks from the North
-Escaped blacks from the South
-France, Canada, and Africa
Term
34. What resulted from blacks serving in the Union army?
Definition
-Earned respect of the officers and were able to claim citizenship
-Threat by Confederates to execute black soldiers and white officers
-Some Northern laws changed reducing discrimination
-Warm reception from people of the South to black soldiers
Term
35. What did black soldiers in the fifty-fourth Massachusetts do when they were denied the same pay as white soldiers?
Definition
-They refused to be paid at all so they weren't being discriminated against
Term
36. Why did more Americans die in the Civil War than in the first and second World Wars combined?
Definition
-The Jomini Doctrine (strategy of using massed infantry offensives)
-Springfield and Enfield rifles that could shoot 1/4 of a mile
-Lack of antiseptic treatments
-Overcrowded and unsanitary conditions that led to disease
Term
37. To what did the high number of casualties in the Civil War lead?
Definition
-Nursing changes from a disreputable activity to one suitable for middle class women
Term
38. What women led the effort to organize nurses and cursing care?
Definition
-Dorthea Dix
-Mary Anne Bickerdyke
-Kate Cumming
-Clara Barton
Term
39. What political developments in the North took place after the war began?
Definition
-The Democrats (North) split into War Democrats and Peace Democrats (copperheads)
-Lincoln's violation of civil liberties in the name of national security
-Stephen A. Douglas showed Lincoln support and tried to unify the Democrats
-Lincoln had Clement Vallandingham arrested and exiled (leader of the copperheads)
Term
40. Why did social tensions rise in the North during the Civil War?
Definition
-The Draft Law which allowed people to hire substitutes
-Wages fell behind inflation leading workers to form Labor Unions
-Speculators and profiteers made enormous sums while many were off at war
-Many were appalled at the spectacle of wealth during wartime suffering
Term
41. What industries expanded during the Civil War?
Definition
-Mechanized Farm equipment
-Iron rails for railroads
-Shipbuilding
-Coal mining
Term
42. What developments during the Civil War foretold the post war world?
Definition
-Mechanized agricultural porduction meant fewer farm workers
-Manufacturers opposition to large scale labor strife in years after war
-Legislation such as the Morrill Tariff suggested an alliance between the government and big business
-The Morrill Land Grant Act produced sweeping changes in public education
Term
43. What did the New York Draft Riots reflect?
Definition
-The frustrations created by urban conditions and the gap between the rich and the poor
Term
44. What resulted from the Civil War in the South?
Definition
-There were challenges to tradition standards (women in jobs)
-Growing willingness of slaves to make decisions on their own
-Changes such as growth in size and centralization of government
-Southern people refusing to pay taxes in order to survive resistance from the government
Term
45. Why did social tensions in the South deteriorate during the Civil War?
Definition
-Because runaway inflation raised prices 9000%
Term
46. What did the Confederacy face as the Civil War progressed?
Definition
-Public meetings demanding a negotiated peace
-Increased shortages of food and food riots
-A growing bureaucracy composed partly of women
-More independence and decision making by Southern Slaves
Term
47. What did General Meade fail to do at the Battle of Gettysburg?
Definition
-Pursue the retreating Confederates and they were able to fight again
Term
48. How did Grant, as general-in-chief, follow a policy of total war?
Definition
-Welcome former slaves into the Union army
-Promoted efforts to educate slaves
-Ordered the destruction of civilian supplies
-Welcome fleeing slaves behind union lines
Term
49. What was Sherman's Special field Order 15?
Definition
-Set aside 400,000 acres to be given to freedmen in 40 acre parcels
Term
50. Why did the election of 1864 turn in Lincoln's favor?
Definition
-Because of the greater population of the North
Term
51. Why was Grant's strategy of engaging the enemy and pressing forward effective?
Definition
-Southern Independence
Term
52. What did Jefferson Davis insist on at the peace conference at Hampton roads?
Definition
-Meade's victory at Gettysburg
Term
53. What does the map of The Turning Point: 1863 show?
Definition
-The Victory in Atlanta
Term
54. What does the map of Sherman's campaign in Georgia in 1864 show was the key to Sherman's success?
Definition
-Shows that Grant chased Lee westward from Peterburg in April 1865
Term
55. What does the map of the final battles in Virginia in 1864-1865 show?
Definition
-Because General Sherman captured Atlanta in September 1864
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