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Chapter 16
World Economy in the Early Modern Period (1450-1750)
15
History
10th Grade
11/11/2013

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
page 362

Cape of Good Hope
Definition
Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India

Significance: -expeditions in Africa brought back slaves, spices, stories of unfound gold hoards

Analyze: -further exploration was needed to find a direct route to India; original destination reached in 1498 by Vasco da Gama
Term
page 363

Christopher Columbus
Definition
Genoese captain in service of king and queen of Castile and Aaragon; successfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in Americas

Significance: -discovered New World
-misnomered inhabitants as "Indians"

Analyze: -under service for king and queen of Castile and Aragon (Spain)
-believed he had discovered India
Term
page 363

Ferdinand Magellan

(1480-1521)
Definition
Spanish captain who in 1519 initiated first circumnavigation of the globe; died during the voyage; allowed Spain to claim Philippines

Significance: -first to circumnavigate globe, therefore Spain was able to claim Philippines

Analyze: -passed southern tip of South America and sailed across Pacific to reach Indonesian islands
Term
page 366

Dutch East India Company
Definition
Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed

Significance: -companies could raise armies and coin money independently; acted as virtually private governments

Analyze: -given government monopolies of owned regions; not strongly supervised by own states
Term
page 366

British East India Company
Definition
Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in India; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed

Significance: -companies could raise armies and coin money independently; acted as virtually private governments

Analyze: -given government monopolies of owned regions; not strongly supervised by own states
Term
page 368

Lepanto
Definition
Naval battle between the Spanish and the Ottoman Empire resulting in a Spanish victory in 1571

Significance: -Spanish victory kept Ottomans and Muslims from attempting to conquer kingdom in the future

Analyze: -great fleet of Spanish navy proved superiority and threat to Ottoman Empire
Term
page 368

Core nations
Definition
Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials

Significance: -major contributors to world economy by selling and distributing finished goods such as guns and cloth and trading them for raw materials like sugar and silver

Analyze: -firmer status of merchants and better banking systems
-concept of mercantilism (see card)
Term
page 368

mercantilism
Definition
Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe

Significance: -limited imports and promoted exports to improve tax revenues

Analyze: -more trade meant higher income for nation's merchants
-imports were taxed, hence profitable balances
Term
page 371

Vasco de Balboa

(c. 1475-1519)
Definition
First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by other captains

Significance: -initial settlement of Balboa led to future conquests of Aztec and Inca civilizations

Analyze: -development of overseas colonies allowed other captains to migrate to Andes, Colombia, and parts of Argentina
Term
page 371

Francisco Pizarro
Definition
Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish

Significance: -joined Balboa's Panamanian colony
-attacked divided Inca empire and killed emperor

Analyze: -received king's support and built army of approximately 180 men
-used violence and deceit; efficient but undiplomatic
Term
page 372

New France
Definition
French colonies in North America; extended from St. Lawrence River along Great Lakes and down Mississippi River valley system

Significance: -Catholic church helped create partial replica of French provincial society
-proved difficult to form adequate labor force

Analyze: -Britain attacked French strongholds; led to long period of strained relationship between two nations
Term
page 373

Seven Years War
Definition
Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and N. America

Significance: -Prussian seizures of Austrian land; English seizures of lands in N. America and India
-France lost colony under Treaty of Paris

Analyze: -British naval supremacy and Royal Army
-British supported Prussia; Austria abandoned by Russia after rise of Peter III
Term
page 373

Treaty of Paris
Definition
Arrange in 1763 following Seven Years War; granted New France to England in exchange for return of French sugar island in Caribbean

Significance: -France lost North American colonies but regained Caribbean sugar island
-Britain gained Canada and Mississippi Basin territory

Analyze: -Seven Years War had been very expensive for both nations and peace talks were preferred over continuation of battle
-France and Britain were relatively pleased with settlements
Term
page 376

Cape Colony
Definition
Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus

Significance: -originally meant to act as a station for Dutch sailors
-settlers and farmers (Boers) came into contact with natives (specifically Bantus)

Analyze: -expansion of settled people led to interaction with Bantus and eventual slavery, which spurred a battle for South Africa that would last until the late 20th century
Term
page 376

Calcutta
Definition
Headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal

Significance: -location was captured in 1756 by an Indian ruler
-many British died as a result of overcrowding in prisons ("black hole of Calcutta") but the center was reclaimed

Analyze: -Indian officials recognized maltreatment and released prisoners
-bribed regional princes and seized Indian and French territory
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