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Chapter 16
Test 4
128
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
04/16/2013

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Term
The endocrine system works with/in harmony with what other system? What is their goal?
Definition
The nervous system. To control and coordinate all activities in the body and to maintain homeostasis.
Term
What are the 4 ways of communication?
Definition
1.)Direct
2.)Paracrine
3.)Endocrine
4.)Neural
Term
What is direct communication?
Definition
Communication via gap jxns.
Term
What does direct communication use to communicate and what are its effects limited to?
Definition
Ions, small solutes, other lipid soluble material. Limited to adjacent cells of the same type that are interconnected by connexons.
Term
What is an example of direct communication?
Definition
Cardiac muscle cells.
Term
What is paracrine communication?
Definition
Communication via extracellular fluid.
Term
What does paracrine communication use and what are its effects limited to?
Definition
Use paracrine factors as chemical mediators and effects are limited to the local area where paracrine factor concentrations are relatively high/target cells must have appropriate receptors
Term
What is endocrine communication?
Definition
Communication via the bloodstream.
Term
What does endocrine communication use and what are its effects limited to?
Definition
Use hormones as chemical mediators. Effects are limited to specific areas with specific receptors.
Term
What is neural communication?
Definition
Communicate via synaptic clefts.
Term
What does neural communication use and what are its effects?
Definition
Use neurotransmitters as chemical mediators. Effects are limited to very specific areas with specific receptors.
Term
What constitutes a hormone and a neurotransmitter?
Definition
A hormone is secreted into the blood.
A neurotransmitter is secreted into the synaptic cleft.
Term
What do the endocrine and nervous system both rely on?
Definition
The release of chemicals that bind to specific receptors on their target cells.
Term
What are both the endocrine and nervous system regulated by?
Definition
Negative feedback control.
Term
What is the common goal of the endocrine and nervous systems?
Definition
To preserve homeostasis by coordinating and regulating the activities of other cells, tissues, organs and systems.
Term
What are hormones?
Definition
Chemical messengers released by endocrine cells/glands into the bloodstream to be transported throughout the body to regulate the metabolic fxns and activities of other cells of the body.
Term
What are the 3 classes hormones?
Definition
1.)amino acid derivatives
2.)peptide hormones
3.)lipid derivatives
Term
What is an amino acid derivative hormone?
Definition
Hormones derived from a single amino acid. Ex: Thyroid hormones & catecholamines.
Term
What is a peptide hormone?
Definition
Chains of amino acids.
Term
What are the 3 subtypes of peptide hormones?
Definition
1. Polypeptides
2. Small proteins
3. Glycoproteins
Term
What is an example of a polypeptide?
Definition
Antidiuretic hormone (9 amino acids) and Oxytocin (9 amino acids)
Term
What is an example of a small protein hormone?
Definition
Growth hormone (119 amino acids) and Prolactin (198 amino acids)
Term
What is an example of a glycoprotein hormone?
Definition
Thyroid stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone.
Term
What is a lipid derivative hormone?
Definition
Consists of carbon rings and side chains built either from fatty acid chains or cholesterol.
Term
What are the 2 subtypes of lipid derivative hormones?
Definition
1. Eicosanoids
2. Steroid
Term
What is an eicosanoid?
Definition
Built from fatty acid chains. Include: leukotrienes and prostaglandins.
Term
What is a steroid hormone?
Definition
Built from cholesterol molecules and includes: testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, corticosteroids, and calcitrol.
Term
How are hormones regulated?
Definition
Positive and negative feedback systems
Term
What is a negative feedback loop?
Definition
Physiological response causes a decrease in the release of the hormone. MOST COMMONLY USED.
Term
What is a positive feedback loop?
Definition
Physiological response causes an increase in the release of a hormone. RARELY USED.
Term
What is an antagonistic effect?
Definition
One hormone inhibits the response of another therefore they generate opposite responses.

EX: Insulin lowers blood sugar which glucagon raises it.
Term
What is a synergistic effect?
Definition
Additive effect. Two hormones generate the same effect and therefore the results is greater the effect that each would generate alone.

Ex: ADH, Epinerphrine, and Aldosterone all raise blood pressure.
Term
What is a permissive effect?
Definition
One hormone is needed to activate another.

EX: Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II.
Term
What are the endocrine glands?
Definition
1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary Gland
3. Thyroid
4. Parathyroid
5. Adrenal
6. Pancreas
7. Pineal
Term
The _________ provides the highest level of endocrine control and integrates the activities of the nervous system and endocrine system.
Definition
The hypothalamus
Term
What is one mechanism that the hypothalamus uses to integrate?
Definition
Hypothalamic neurons synthesize two hormones -> ADH and OXT and transport them alone the axons within the infundibulum to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland for storage and secretion.
Term
The hypothalamus secretes ________ ________ and the _________ _______ that control the secretions of the pituitary gland. They flow via netword of fenestrated capillaries called the ________ _______ ______.
Definition
Releasing hormones/inhibiting hormones/hypophyseal portal system.
Term
What exerts direct control over the endocrine cells? What are those cells called?
Definition
The hypothalamus/chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.
Term
When is direct control activated over the adrenal gland?
Definition
When the sympathetic division is activated.
Term
What is the scientific term for the pituitary gland?
Definition
Hypophysis
Term
Where is the pituitary gland located?
Definition
The sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
Term
How is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland?
Definition
Infundibulum and a network of capillaries. THE HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM.
Term
What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?
Definition
Posterior and anterior lobes
Term
What is the neurohypophysis? How is it connected to the hypothalamus?
Definition
The posterior lobe. Infundibulum.
Term
What are the hormones the neurohypophysis secretes?
Definition
ADH and OXT
Term
What is ADH?
Definition
Increase water reabsorption within the renal tubules of the kidney. Decrease in water loss in urine.
Term
What is OXT?
Definition
Stimulates smooth muscle contractions of the uterus which initiates child birth. After delivery, it stimulates the ejection of milk. And in both sexes, it is the cuddle hormone as it surges during arousal and orgasm.
Term
What is the adenohypophysis? How is it connected to the hypothalamus?
Definition
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. By the Hypophyseal portal system.
Term
What hormone from the hypothalamus controls the adenohypophysis?
Definition
Releasing hormones and Inhibiting hormones
Term
What is TSH? When is it released?
Definition
Thyroid stimulating hormone. Stimulates thyroid growth and increase its secretion of the T3 T4. In response to thytropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.
Term
What is ACTH? When is it released?
Definition
Adrenocorticotropic hormone. Stimulates the release of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex. In response to corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.
Term
What is FSH? When is it released?
Definition
Follicle-stimulating hormone. Promotes ovarian follicles to develop in females and stimulates the secretion of estrogens (with LH). In males, FSH promotes the physical maturation of sperm. In response to GnRH.
Term
What is LH? When is it released?
Definition
Induces ovulation in females and promotes the secretion of estrogen and progesterone. In males, stimulates production of androgens (testosterone). In response to GnRH.
Term
What is GH? When is it released?
Definition
Stimulates cell growth and reproduction by accelerating the rate of protein synthesis particularly in skeletal muscle and bone. Regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone and growth hormone inhibiting hormone.
Term
What is PRL? When is it released?
Definition
Prolactin. Stimulates mammary gland development and development and the porduction of milk during pregnancy and nursing. Regulated by Prolactin-Releasing and Inhibitory Hormones.
Term
Where is the thyroid gland located? What is it divided into?
Definition
In the neck just below the larynx and anterior to the trachea. Divided into a right and left lobe connected by an isthmus.
Term
What regulates the thyroid?
Definition
TSH from the pituitary gland.
Term
What are the cells called in thyroid tissue?
Definition
Follicles.
Term
What does the follicle surrounds in thyroid tissue?
Definition
Colloid. Contains a large amount of dissolved proteins.
Term
What do follicle cells synthesize?
Definition
Thyroglobulin and secrete into the follicle.
Term
What does thryoglobulin contain?
Definition
Tyrosine.
Term
What does thryoglobulin combine with the form T3, T4?
Definition
Iodide ions.
Term
What are the effects that thyroid hormones have on the body?
Definition
1.)Red blood cell production/enhanced oxygen delivery.
2.)Activity of other endocrine tissues.
3.)Accelerates turnover of minerals in bone.
4.)Increase basal metabolic rate
5.)Increase blood pressure
6.)Increase sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation
7.)Maintains normal sensitivity of respiratory system to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide conc. in blood.
Term
What are the second population of cells found between the follicles?
Definition
Parafollicular cells or C Cells.
Term
What do C Cells produce?
Definition
Calcitonin. lowers blood calcium levels when they're too high by increasing the amount of calcium secreted in the urine and increased osteroblast activity.
Term
What is the parathyroid gland?
Definition
Two pair of glands embedded in the posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland.
Term
What are the two types of cells that make up the Parathyroid gland?
Definition
1.)Oxyphil cells
2.)Cheif cells
Term
What is the fxn of chief cells?
Definition
Produce PTH which increases blood calcium levels when they are low.
Term
PTH and Calcintonin work as _________ to maintain homeostasis of blood calcium levels.
Definition
ANTAGONISTS.
Term
What does PTH target?
Definition
1.)Bones - activate osteoclasts
2.)Intestine - calcium absorption in food
3.)Kidneys - promotes activation of vitamin D and reabsorption of calcium in kidney tubules
Term
What is the adrenal gland?
Definition
Located on top of the kidneys. Have the cortex and medulla.
Term
What does the adrenal cortex produce?
Definition
Steroid hormones from cholesterol.
Term
What are the 3 subregions of the adrenal cortex?
Definition
1.)Zona Glomerulosa
2.)Zona Fasciculate
3.)Zona Reticularis
Term
What is the zona glomerulosa?
Definition
Outer layer. Releases mineralcorticoirds like aldosterone which controls electrolyte balance in the kidneys.
Term
What is the zona fasciculate?
Definition
The middle. Produces glucocorticoids such as cortisol and cortisone which influence metabolism of glucose, protein, fat. Controlled by ATCH.
Term
What is the zona reticularis?
Definition
The inner layer. Produces androgens like testosterone which influence masculinzation.
Term
When does the adrenal medulla release hormones?
Definition
When the body is under stress. Consists of chromaffin cells.
Term
What two hormones does the adrenal medulla release?
Definition
1.)Epinephrine
2.)Norepinephrine
Term
What does epinephrine do?
Definition
80%. Elevates blood sugar, regulates body during stress/anger, raises blood pressure, heart beat, glycogen breakdown, and increases all other sympathetic effects of the nervous system.
Term
What does norepinephrine do?
Definition
Helps maintain BP, accounts for 20% released by medullary portion.
Term
Where is the pancreas located?
Definition
Posterior and inferior to the stomach. Has both endocrine and exocrine fxns.
Term
What are ilsets of langerhaan?
Definition
Endocrine cells that produce hormones.
Term
What are the 4 cell types in the IoL?
Definition
1.)Alpha Cells
2.)Beta cells
3.)Delta Cells
4.)F Cells
Term
What do Alpha cells produce?
Definition
Glucagon
Term
What do Beta Cells produce?
Definition
Insulin
Term
What do Delta cells produce?
Definition
Somatostatin which inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion and slows the rates of food absorption and enzyme secretion alone the digestive tract.
Term
What do F cells produce?
Definition
Pancreatic polypeptide that inhibits gall bladder contractions and regulates digestive enzymes.
Term
What are Acinar cells?
Definition
Exocrine cells that produce enzymes and other digestive chemicals.
Term
What is sodium bicarbonate?
Definition
A buffer for the HCl in the stomach.
Term
What is protease?
Definition
Secreted as inactive enzymes but become activated in the small intestine to form the activated: CARBOXYPEPTIDASE, CHYMOTRYPSIN, TRYPSIN. Break down lg polypeptides into smaller pieces.
Term
What is pancreatic amylase?
Definition
Enzymes further digest carbs.
Term
What is pancreatic lipase?
Definition
Breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerols.
Term
What is pancreatic nucleases?
Definition
Breaks down nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA
Term
What are insulin and glucagon considered?
Definition
ANTAGONISTS.
Term
Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing membrane transport of glucose into body cells and performing glycogensis and lipogensis. How does glucagon reverse this?
Definition
Raising blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen into glucose, synthesizes glucose from lactic acid and other none-carbohydrate molecules and releasing it.
Term
What is the pineal gland?
Definition
Located in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain called the epithalamus region.
Term
What cells make up the pineal gland?
Definition
Pinealocytes.
Term
What is the major product of the pineal gland?
Definition
Melatonin.
Term
What does Melatonin do?
Definition
Maintain basic circadian rhythms, protects against tissue damage by acting as an antioxidant, and inhibits reproductive development and functioning.
Term
Where is the thymus gland located?
Definition
Posterior to the sternum and between the lungs. Large in infant, decreases in size as we age. The major product is THYMOSIN and is essential for growth of T lymphocytes and immune response.
Term
What does the heart secrete?
Definition
ANP. ANP inhibits aldosterone release by the adrenal cortex. ANP causes sodium loss in urine. Also secretes BNP.
Term
What does the kidney secrete?
Definition
EPO for rbc production and renin for activation of angiotensin I (vasoconstrictor)
Term
What does the skin produce?
Definition
Cholecalciferol. the inactive form of vitamin D
Term
What does the adipose tissue release?
Definition
Leptin which follows the uptake of glucose and lipids which results in satiation.
Term
What does the GI tract posses?
Definition
Cells that produce Secretin, gastrin, histamine, CCK, GIP, VIP
Term
Where are the ovaries and what do they secrete?
Definition
Located in the pelvic cavity. Produce estrogen which regulates 2ndary sexual characteristics. Also produces progesterone which helps to stimulate the uterus to thicken the endometriosis in preparing for plantation of a fertilized egg.
Term
Where are the testes located and what do they secrete?
Definition
Located in the scrotum. Secretes testosterone which develops 2ndary sexual characteristics and production of sperm. Also produces inhibin which inhibits the release of FSH and GnRH.
Term
What is placenta?
Definition
A temporary organ only formed during pregnancy. Produces hCG hormone with aid in maintaining pregnancy and keeping the corpus luteum intact.
Term
What results from hyposecretion of GH?
Definition
Pituitary growth failure.
Term
What results from hypersecretion of GH?
Definition
Gigantism, acromegaly.
Term
What results from hyposecretion of ACTH?
Definition
Diabetes insipidus.
Term
What results from hypersecretion of ACTH?
Definition
Syndrome of innapropriate ADH secretion.
Term
What results from hyposecretion of T4 and T3?
Definition
Myxedema, cretinism, goiter.
Term
What results from hypersecretion of T4 and T3?
Definition
Hyperthyroidism, Graves Disease
Term
What results from a hyposecretion of PTH?
Definition
Hypoparathyroidism - muscular weakness, neurological probs, dense bones.
Term
What results from a hypersecretion of PTH?
Definition
Hyperparathyroidism - same as hypo but weak and brittle bones.
Term
What results from a hyposecretion of insulin?
Definition
Diabetes mellitus.
Term
What results from a hypersecretion of insulin?
Definition
Excess insulin production.
Term
What results from a hyposecretion of mineralcorticoids?
Definition
Hyopaldosteronism
Term
What results from a hypersecretion of minteralcorticoids?
Definition
Aldosteronism
Term
What results from a hyposecretion of glucocorticoids?
Definition
Addison Disease
Term
What results from a hypersecretion of glucocorticoids?
Definition
Cushing disease
Term
What results from a hyposecretion of epinephrine/norepi?
Definition
None.
Term
What results from a hypersecretion of epi/norepi?
Definition
Pheochromocytoma
Term
What results from a hyposecretion of estrogen?
Definition
Hypogonadism.
Term
What results from a hypersecretion of estrogen?
Definition
Adrenogenital syndrome and precocious puberty.
Term
What results from a hyposecretion of androgens?
Definition
Hypogonadism.
Term
What results from a hypersecretion of androgens?
Definition
Andrenogenital syndrome and precocious pubery.
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