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Chapter 16 Test BMS Ms. Clark
North American cultures and South American cultures (Maya, Aztec, Inca)
53
History
9th Grade
10/21/2007

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Cards

Term
Pacific Northwest: RESOURCES
Definition
sea (whales, fish), whales (shelter, food, oil), forest (plants and woodland creatures)
Term
POTLACH
Definition
A ceremony at which families displayed their wealth by presenting food, drink, and gifts to the community.
Term
Hohokam: location and climate
Definition
Southwest, hot and dry desert lands
Term
What does the Hohokams using pottery rather than baskets represent?
Definition
They had contact and probably a trade system with the Mesoamerican peoples to the South.
Term
Anasazi: Location
Definition

Four Corners region (Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico) 

Term
PUEBLOS
Definition
villages of large apartment-style compounds made of stone and adobe (sun-baked clay), could house many people.
Term
KIVAS
Definition
underground ceremonial chambers in pueblo bonita used for a variety off religious practices
Term
What is one possible explanation for the Anasazi abandoning their pueblos around 1200 BCE?
Definition
prolonged drought
Term
What was the name of the Mississippian urban center?
Definition
Cahokia
Term
What was the name of the alliance of many cultures in the Northeastern Woodlands and what tied all of the cultures of this organization together?
Definition
It was the Iroquois League, and they all spoke a common language.
Term

In what ways did the peoples of North America share similar cultural patterns? (Hint: There are four of them!)

Definition
  • Clans (family ties)
  • Totems
  • Religious Practices
  • Respect for Land
Term
TOTEM
Definition

A natural object with which an individual, clan, or group identifies itself.

Term

Where in the world did the Mayans reside?

Definition
from Southern Mexico into Northern Central America, in the Yucatan Peninsula 
Term
When was considered the Classic Period of Mayan civilization?
Definition
from 250-900 CE
Term
What was the main Mayan urban center and where was it located?
Definition
Tikal was in northern Guatemala.
Term
What did the Mayans sometimes use for currency?
Definition
Cacao beans, because the Mayans didn't have a set currency.
Term
Who belonged in the "noble class?"
Definition
  • EMPORER
  • LEADING WARRIORS, NOBLEMEN, PRIESTS
  • MERCHANTS, ARTISANS, SOLDIERS
  • PEASANTS AND ENSLAVED PERSONS
Term

What are some of the main things that the Mayans offered to their gods?

Definition
  • human sacrifice
  • self-mutilation
  • food
  • flowers
  • incense
Term
What was a helpful quality of the Mayan mathematics system?  Calendar?
Definition
MATH: concept of zero

CALENDAR: only .0002 days short of modern calendar 
Term
GLYPHS
Definition
Heiroglyphic symbols the Mayans used for writing
Term
On what did the Mayans write?
Definition
Codex (bark-paper book)
Term

POPOL VUH

Definition

Mayan story of creation

Term
How did the Mayan civilization end?
Definition

It ended in mystery, but some of the factors might have been:
 -warfare which broke out in 700 CE
 -severe population growth
 -food shortages
 -famine
 -disease

Term
What was the first major civilization of central Mexico?
Definition
Teotihuacan (tay-oh-tee-wah-KAHN)
Term

OBSIDIAN

Definition
a green/black volcanic glass found in the Valley of Mexico, used to make razor sharp weapons, a major trade item for the peoples of Teotihuacan
Term
What was the capital of the Toltec civilization?
Definition
Tula, located in the heart of Mexico
Term
What was the general nature of the Toltecs?
Definition
extremely warlike peoples
Term
QUETZALCOATL (keht-sahl-koh-AHT-uhl)
Definition
"Feathered Serpent", the peaceful god Topiltzan tried to force on his relbellious citizans who then exiled him
Term
What were the Aztec called before they were called the Aztec?
Definition
Mexica
Term
What was the name of the Aztec capital and where was it located?
Definition

Tenochtitlan (teh-noch-tee-TLAHN), island in Lake Texcoco

Term
TRIPLE ALLIANCE
Definition
What the Axtec joined with two other city-states to rule over the vast empire they shared
Term
What did the Aztec demand from their citizens and what happened if it wasn't given?
Definition
tribute (gold, food, jade, etc.), they would destroy the village and slaughter the inhabitants
Term
Who could look at the emporer of the Aztecs?
Definition
nobody
Term
How did the Aztec overcome their geography?
Definition
built bridges to the mainland called causeways
Term
What were the Aztec religious practices like?
Definition
  • dramas
  • songs
  • dances
  • religious festivals
Term
What role did the sun god play in the Aztec sacrificial tirade?
Definition
They thought the sun god needed blood to rise into the sky every day, so they needed new human sacrifices every single day.  If they didn't sacrifice daily, the sun god would parish.
Term
Who did the Aztecs sacrifice?
Definition
  • enslaved persons
  • criminals
  • people offered as tribute by conquered nations
  • PRISONERS OF WAR (preferred victims)
Term
Why is Montezuma II important in Aztec history?
Definition
He is the ruler under which the Aztec fell.
Term
How were the Aztecs finally defeated?
Definition
Invasion of the Spanish.
Term
Where did the Inca settle?
Definition
Vally of Cuzco
Term
How were Incan rulers chosen?
Definition
They had to be one of 11 noble lineages believed to be direct descendents of the sun god Inti.
Term
PACHACUTI
Definition
  • under his leadership, the Inca conquered all of Peru
  • ruler of Incan empire in 1438
Term
What was one of the things tht made the Incans so able to conquer areas?
Definition
They had a powerful military, but seldom used it for anything other than symbolism of their power.  They offered honorable surrenders, saying that the area could keep their customs and rulers in exchange for loyalty as an Incan state.
Term
What was the name of the official Incan language?
Definition
Quechua (KEHCH-wuh)
Term
How did the Incans assert their power?
Definition
They built large cities in conquered states, in which all of the government buildings looked the same.  Also, all of the extensive roads systems lead to the Incan capital, Cuzco.  Finally, they allowed very little private trade.
Term
AYLLU
Definition
extensive family system which was used for big projects such as irrigation canals, divided into 10, 100, 1000, 10000 (a chief led each group)
Term
MITA
Definition
The main thing the Incan rulers demanded, a work tribute.  In turn, the Incan rulers took care of the elderly and disabled.
Term
CHASQUIS (SHAH-skeys)
Definition
a system of messenger-runners who ran on the Incan roads delivering messages, a kind of postal service
Term
QUIPU
Definition
an accounting device utilizing colored ropes and knots
Term
primary creation Incan god
Definition
Viracocha
Term
Incan sun god
Definition
Inti
Term
most sacred Incan temple
Definition

Temple of the Sun in Cuzco (had gold sheeting)

Term
What finally overthrew the Incans?
Definition
WAR, CORRUPTION AND GREED!!!
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