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Chapter 16 Terms
Government 310L
16
History
Undergraduate 1
07/05/2011

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Term
Affirmative Action
Definition
programs of public and private institutions favoring minorities and women in hiring and in admissions to colleges and universities in an attempt to compensate for past discrimination
Term
Bill of Rights
Definition
the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, concerned with the protect of basic liberties
Term
Civil Rights
Definition
guarantees of equal treatment by government officials regarding political rights, the judicial system, and public programs
Term
De Facto Discrimination
Definition
unequal treatment by private individuals, groups, and organizations
Term
De Jure Discrimination
Definition
unequal treatment based on government laws and regulations
Term
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Definition
proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution stating that equality of rights shall not be abridged or denied on account of a person's gender
Term
Equal Protection Clause
Definition
the section of the Fourteenth Amendment equal protection of the laws to all citizens
Term
Grandfather Clause
Definition
a device that allowed whites who had failed the literacy test to vote anyway by extending the franchise to anyone whose ancestors had voted prior to 1867
Term
Intermediate Scrutiny
Definition
a legal test falling between ordinary and strict scrutiny relevant to issues of gender; under this test, the Supreme Court will allow gender classifications in laws if they are substantially related to an important government objective
Term
Jim Crow
Definition
popular term for the system of legally sanctioned racial segregation that existed in the American South until the middle of the twentieth century 
Term
Literacy Tests
Definition
a device used by the southern states to prevent African Americans from voting before the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which banned its use; usually involved in interpretation of a section of a state's constitution
Term
Poll Tax
Definition
a tax to be paid as a condition of voting; used in the South to keep African Americans away from the polls
Term
Separate but Equal Doctrine
Definition
the principle articulated in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that laws prescribing separate public facilities and services for nonwhite Americans are permissible if the facilities and services are equal to those provided for whites
Term
Strict Scrutiny
Definition
the assumption by the Court that actions by elected bodies or officials violate constitutional rights
Term
Suspect Classification
Definition
the invidious, arbitrary, or irrational designation of a group for special treatment by government
Term
White Primaries
Definition
primary elections open only to whites
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