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| a sailing that uses square and triangular sails to help it sail against the wind |
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| Prince of Portugal and patron of exploration; he made no voyages but spent his life directing voyages of discovery along the African coast. |
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| Portuguese explorer who traveled to Calicut, India in 1497 |
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| Italian sailor who traveled west to reach China but discovered islands in the Caribbean instead |
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| first explorer to attempt the circumnavigate the globe; while he was killed on the way, some of his sailors completed the journey |
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| travel completely around the world |
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| English explorer, second man to circumnavigate the globe |
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| Dutch sailor who looked unsuccessfully for the Northwest Passage and explored the river that is now named after him |
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| Spanish system in which a colonist received land and Native American workers to whom he was required to teach Christianity |
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Spanish explorer and conqueror of Mexico’s Aztec empire |
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Spanish term for conqueror; name for Spanish military leaders who fought against the native peoples of the Americas |
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Aztec emperor at the time of Cortés’s conquest of Mexico |
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conqueror of Inca Empire in Peru for the Spanish |
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ruler of Inca Empire killed
by Spanish invaders led by Pizarro |
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officials who ruled large areas of Spain’s American colonies in the king’s name |
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Spanish priest who criticized treatment of Native Americans, suggesting that slaves from Africa be used as laborers instead |
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treaty signed in 1493 dividing the Americas between Spain and Portugal along an imaginary line |
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the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases due to contact between the peoples of Europe and the Americas |
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he European economic policy that called for nations to gain wealth in order to build a strong military and expand influence |
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the amount of goods sold by a country against those purchased from other countries; a favorable balance of trade meant selling more goods than were bought |
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grants of money given by governments for purposes such as helping people start new businesses |
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economic system in which private individuals rather than governments perform most of the economic activity, with the goal of making a profit |
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a company in which investors buy shares of stock, receiving a portion of the profits, but only losing the amount of their investment if it failed |
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estates in the Americas where cash crops were grown on a large scale |
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trading network that brought goods from Europe to Africa to be traded for slaves, took the slaves to the Americas to be sold, then brought American goods back to Europe |
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name for the second leg of the triangle, bringing captive Africans to the Americas, where they were sold as slaves |
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African who wrote about the horrific conditions Africans endured on Middle Passage voyages |
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the spread of people of African descent throughout the Americas and Western Europe as a result of the slave trade, eventually spreading African culture throughout the Western world |
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