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Chapter 16-17 Test
Endocrine and Blood
81
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
01/29/2012

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Term
What is cortisol's prime metabolic effect?
Definition
To provoke gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins
Term
Describe the Thymus.
Definition
-Located deep in the sternum and thorax
-Large and conspicuous in children
-diminishes in size throughout adulthood
-involved in normal development of T-Lymphocytes and immune system
Term
Hormones
Definition
Chemical substances, secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids, that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body.
Term
Classification of Hormones.
Definition
Hormones are classified as either amino acid based or as a steroid.
Term
2nd-Messenger System
Definition
-Generated when a hormone binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane.
-Virtually all amino acid-based hormones (with exception of thyroid hormone), exert their signaling effects through intracellular second messengers
Term
3 types of endocrine gland stimuli.
Definition
-Humoral
-Hormonal
-Neural
Term
Steroids are synthesized from what?
Definition
-Cholesterol
Term
Describe the Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Tract
Definition
-The neural connection tract between the hypothalamic tissue and the hypothalamus via a nerve bundle
-Runs through the infundibulum
Term
Hypophyseal Portal System
Definition
-Composed of the primary and secondary capillary plexuses and the intervening hypophyseal portal veins
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
-Strong stimulant of uterine contraction
-Released in significantly higher amounts during childbirth and in nursing women
***Both childbirth and milk ejection result from POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS of oxytocin.
Term
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Definition
-Prevents wide swings in water balance, helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload
Term
Alcohol's effect on ADH Hormone
Definition
-Drinking alcoholic beverages inhibits ADH secretion and causes copious urine output.
-The dry mouth and intense thirst of the "hangover" reflect the dehydrating effect of alcohol.
Term
Changes produced by a Hormonal Stimulus (There are 5)
Definition
1) Alters plasma membrane permeability (membrane potential)
2) Stimulates synthesis of proteins or regulatory molecules such as enzymes w/in a cell
3)Activates or deactivates enzymes
4)Induces secretory activity
5) Stimulates mitosis
Term
Target Cell response to Hormones
Definition
-in order for a target cell to respond to a hormone, the cell must have specific protein receptors on its plasma membrane or in its interior to which that hormone can bind
Term
Name differences between the two lobes of the Pituitary Gland.
Definition
Posterior Pituitary Lobe
-composed largely of pituicytes and nerve fibers
-releases neurohormones
-located in the neurohypophysis region with the infundibulum

Anterior Pituitary Lobe
-composed of glandular tissue
-manufactures and releases a number of hormones
-located in adenohypophysis region
Term
Hormone Binding Steps/G Protein Link
Definition
1) Link between 1rst and 2nd messenger actually communicate through the G-Protein
2) The 2nd Messenger Mechanism of hormones action operates by binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G-Protein and cAMP.
Term
Fight vs Flight (Epinephrine vs Norepinephrine)
Definition
-Epinephrine is the more potent stimulator of metabolic activities, bronchial dilation, and increased blood flow to skeletal muscles and the hear

-Norepinephrine has greater influence on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure
Term
Growth Hormone
Definition
-somatotropin
-it's major targets are the bones and skeletal muscles
-stimulation of skeletal muscles promotes increased muscle mass
Term
Parathyroid Hormone
Definition
**produces parathormone, the single most important hormone controlling the calcium balance of the blood
Term
Parathyroid Hormone release causes? (3)
Definition
1)Stimulates osteoclasts
2)enhances reabsorption of calcium by kidneys
3)promotes activation of Vitamin D
Term
Describe Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Definition
-hormone secreted by the heart when blood pressure rises
-fine tunes blood pressure and sodium-water balance of body
Term
Adiposecytes (Adipose Cells)
Definition
-serves to tell your body how much stored energy (as fat) you have
Term
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Definition
-secreted by anterior pituitary
-ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones to help the body resist stressors
Term
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Definition
-Parathormone
-single most important hormone controlling the calcium balance of the blood
Term
Aldosterone
Definition
-reduces excretion of Na+ from the body
-primary target is the distal parts of the kidney tubules, where it stimulates Na+ reabsorption and water retention
Term
Hormone Secretion by Other Organs and the hormone secreted (7)
Definition
1) Heart - Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
2) Gastrointestinal Tract - Enteroendocrine Cells
3) Kidneys - Erythropoieten
4) Skin - Cholecalciferol
5) Adipose Tissue - Leptin
6) Skeleton - Osteocalcin
7) Thymus - T-lymphocytes and immune system
Term
Liberated Ca+ (2nd Messenger Sys.)
Definition
-Liberated Ca+ takes on a second messenger role
-by 1)directly altering the activity of specific enzymes and channels, or by 2) binding to the intracellular regulatory protein
Term
Describe Physical Characteristics of Blood
Definition
-sticky, opaque fluid with metallic taste
-more dense than water and about 5 times more viscous
-blood is slightly alkaline with a pH between 7.35-7.45
-Temperature is about 38 degrees Celsius (about 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit)
-Accounts for approximately 8% of body weight
Term
Hemoglobin F
Definition
-a unique hemoglobin formed by the fetus that has a higher affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin (A)
Term
O Blood Type
Definition
-Group O RBCs bear neither the A nor the B antigen
-Universal Donor
Term
Regulation and Protection of Blood
Definition
Regulation
-Reg. body temp
-Reg. normal pH in body tissues
-Reg. adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system

Protection
-Preventing blood loss by clotting
-Preventing infection (white blood cells)
Term
Lifespan of Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Definition
-RBCs have a useful lifespan of 100 to 120 days
-they become "old" as they lose their flexibility and become rigid and fragile
-degenerate and wear out
Term
AB+/AB-
Definition
AB+ has no antibodies
AB can receive (Universal Recipient) any blood type expect Rh- (in moderation)
Term
Albumin
Definition
-accounts for some 60% of plasma protein
-the major blood protein contributing to the plasma osmotic pressure
-important blood buffer
Term
Blood Groups with no antibodies.
Definition
AB is the ONLY blood group that does not contain any plasma antibodies.
Term
Red Bone Marrow after 7th month of fetal development.
Definition
-by the 7th month, the red marrow becomes the primary hematopoietic area and remains so throughout life
Term
Name the 3 Plasma Proteins
Definition
1)Albumin
2)Globulins
3)Fibrinogen
Term
Agranulocytes
Definition
-White blood cells (WBCs) that lack visible cytoplasmic granules
-include lymphocytes and monocytes
Term
Granulocytes
Definition
-WBCs that contain visible granules
-include neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
Term
Leukocytes
Definition
-account for 25% or more of WBC population
-are grouped into two categories, Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
Term
Granulocytes vs Agranulocytes
Definition
-Granulocytes contain obvious membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules
-Agranulocytes lack obvious granules
Term
List Leukocytes in order from most abundant to least abundant.
Definition
Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
(Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)
Term
Hemostasis
Definition
-stoppage of bleeding
Term
3 Stages of Hemostasis
Definition
1)vascular spasm - a strongly constricted artery can reduce blood loss for 20-30 minutes

2)Platelet Plug Formation - Platelets aggregate (stick together), forming a plug that temporarily seals the break in the vessel wall

3)Coagulation(Blood Clotting)- reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads (molecular glue) for the aggregated platelets
Term
Pernicious Anemia (IF)
Definition
-a deficiency in Vitamin B12
-the stomach mucosa produces a substance called intrinsic factor that must be present for B12 to be absorbed by intestinal cells
-Intrinsic Factor is deficient in Pernicious Anemia
Term
Prothrombin Activator
Definition
-usually the slowest step of the blood clotting process, but once prothrombin activator is present, the clot forms in 10 to 15 seconds
Term
Thrombocytopenia
Definition
-bleeding disorder in which the number of circulating platelets is deficient
-causes spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels all over the body
Term
Impaired Liver Function
Definition
-when liver is unable to synthesize its usual supply of procoagulants, abnormal, and often severe, bleeding occurs
**Can be causes by an easily resolved K deficiency
Term
Leukocytes (Nuclei)
Definition
-WBCs that are the only formed elements that are:
-complete cells
-contain nuclei
-contain usual organelles
-account for less than 1% of total blood volume
Term
Blood Plasma
Definition
-composed 90% of water
-straw colored, sticky fluid
Term
Platelets
Definition
-are essential for the clotting process that occurs in plasma when blood vessels are ruptured or their lining is injured
-form a temporary plug that helps seal the break by sticking to the damaged site
Term
Pathway to Clotting (4 steps)
Definition
1)Formation of thromboplastin (Prothrombin activator)
2)Prothrombin to thrombin
3)Fibrinogen to fibrin
4)Clot Retraction
Term
Sickle-Cell Anemia
Definition
-caused by abnormal hemoglobin
-hemoglobin S results from a change in just one of the 146 amino acids in a beta chain and become spiky and sharp
-interferes with oxygen delivery, leaving victims gasping for air and in extreme pain
Term
Blood (Suspension)
Definition
-Blood is the only fluid SUSPENSION in the body
-blood is a specialized type of connective tissue in which living blood cells, are suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
-red blood cells that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Term
Erythropoieten
Definition
-made in kidneys
-glycoprotein hormone
**Signals the bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells
Term
Erythropoiesis
Definition
-the production of erythrocytes (RBCs)
Term
Anemia
Definition
-condition in which the blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity
Term
Thrombopoieten
Definition
-hormone that regulates the formation of platelets
Term
Aspirin, Heparin, Warfarin
Definition
-drugs used to prevent undesirable clotting in patients at risk for heart attack or stroke
Term
Thrombus
Definition
-a clot that develops and persists in an UNBROKEN blood vessel
Term
Major endocrine glands.
Definition
-The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands. Additional glands, such as the pancreas, gonads, and placenta, also contain endocrine tissue and perform other functions.
Term
Thyroid Gland
Definition
3) The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland that is located in the anterior neck, on the trachea and just inferior to the larynx. The thyroid gland is also the largest pure endocrine gland in the body.
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
-its effect is to lower blood Ca2+ levels, antagonizing the effects of parathyroid hormone produced by he parathyroid glands
Term
Tetany
Definition
-a loss of sensation, muscle twitches, and convulsions
Term
3 Zones of the Adrenal Cortex
Definition
1)Zona Glomerulosa-(top layer)help control balance of minerals and water in the blood
2)Zona Fasciculata-(middle) metabolic hormones
3)Zona Reticularis-(innermost) produce small amounts of adrenal sex hormones
Term
Gonads
Definition
-produce steroid sex hormones
Term
Production of Female Ovaries.
Definition
-small oval organs
-produce eggs, and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone
Term
Production of Male Testes.
Definition
-located in scrotum
-produce sperm and males sex hormones, primarily testosterone
Term
What does endocrine system do?
Definition
Influences metabolic activity by means of hormones.
Term
What do endocrine glands do?
Definition
produce hormones and lact ducts. They release hormones INTO (endo) surrounding tissue
Term
What do exocrine glands do?
Definition
produce NONHORMONAL substances (sweat, saliva) that are caried to membrane surface
Term
What are hormones and how are they classified?
Definition
-Hormones are chemical substances, secreted by cells into extracellular fluids, that regulate metabolic function of other cells in the body.
-They can be either amino acid based or steroids (cholesterol)
Term
What are the 3 types of endocrine glan stimuli?
Definition
Humoral, Neural, and Hormonal
Term
What results from hypo and hypersecretion of growth hormone?
Definition
-hyposecretion-in children it causes pituitary dwarfism (slowed long bone growth); no problems in adults

-hypersecretion results in gigantism (in a child) or acromegaly (adult)
Term
What does prolactin do?
Definition
-it is a protein hormone similar to gh
-in humans it is known for stimulating milk production by the breasts
Term
What and where is the Thyroid Gland?
Definition
Location-anterior neck; on the trachea; inferior to the larynx

Uses- largest pure endocrine gland in the body; secretes thyroid hormone the bodies major metabolic hormone
Term
What hormone does the Pineal Gland exude and what it's two jobs?
Definition
The pineal gland produces melatonin.

Melatonin levels in our blood rise and fall, which 1) controls our diurnal (daily cycle) and causes us to be drowsy; 2) in children it can affect the timing of puberty by inhibiting precocious (too early) sex maturation
Term
What are the Islets of Langerhans and what 2 hormones do the contain?
Definition
Islets of Langerhans are cell clusters that produce pancreatic hormones (alpha and beta cells)

2 Hormones
Alpha cells - Glucagon production
Beta cells - insulin production
Term
Describe the thymus.
Definition
-large and conspicuous in children
-gets smaller with age
-Produces hormones involved in NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF T LYMPHOCYTES AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Term
What hormone do the kidneys secrete?
Definition
-kidneys secrete erythroprotein
-erythroprotein is a protein hormone that signals bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells
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