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Chapter 15: Brain and Cranial Nerves
Brain and Cranial Nerves
85
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/12/2011

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Term
Name the 4 regions of the brain
Definition
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Term
Name the lobes and their functions
Definition
Frontal lobe - reasoning
Parietal lobe - general sensory
Occipital lobe - vision/sight
temporal lobe - hearing
Term
What is the cerebral cortex
Definition
external layer of gray matter, covers the surface of adult brain.
Term
What is gray matter
Definition
tissue area: houses motor neurons cell bodies, interneurons cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, and unmylinated axons
Term
What is white matter
Definition
tissue area: contains myelinated axons
Term
List the protective structures of the brain
Definition
1) bony cranium provides rigid support
2)Meninges - connective tissues that support and portion parts of brain
3)CSF acts as cushioning fluid
4) BBB prevents harmful material from leaving bloodstream and entering brain.
Term
List the 3 cranial meninges from deepest to superficial
Definition
1) Pia mater
2) arachnoid mater
3) dura mater
Term
What is a ganglion
Definition
Cluster of neuron cell bodies within the PNS.
Term
What is a nerve
Definition
an axon bundle extending through the PNS.
Term
What is a tract
Definition
CNS axon bundle in which the axons have a similar function and share a common origin and destination
Term
Pathway
Definition
Centers and tracts that connect the CNS with body organs and systems
Term
What is the function of the meninges?
Definition
1)Cover and protect the CNS
2) protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
3)contain CSF
Term
What is the pia mater?
Definition
delicate areolar connective tissue, highly vascularized, tightly adheres to the brain following contours
Term
What is the arachnoid mater
Definition
collagen and elastic fibers form arachnoid trabeculae housed by the subarachnoid space, external to pia mater.
Subdural space exists between arachnoid mater and dura mater. Fluid can accumulates forming subdural hematoma
Term
What is dura mater
Definition
dense irregular connective tissue, strongest meninge. Composed of periosteal layer and meningeal layer
Term
Periosteal layer
Definition
more superficial layer, helps form periosteum on the internal surface of cranial bones.
Term
Meningeal layer
Definition
deep to periosteal layer, usually fused to periosteal
Term
Dural venous sinuses
Definition
veins, no valves, formed by periosteal and meningeal layers, drain blood from brain and transport to the internal jugular.
Term
Epidural space
Definition
space between dura mater and bones of skull.
contains arteries and veins that nourish the meninges and bones. Location of epidural hematoma.
Term
Where can CSF be found
Definition
1) circulates in the ventricles
2) subarachnoid space
3) CNS
Term
List the functions of CSF
Definition
1) Bouyancy - brain floats in CSF supporting 95% of its weight
2) Protection - liquid cushion protecting delicate parts from sudden force or blows
3) Environment stability - CSF transports nutrients, removes waste
Term
Where/How is CSF formed?
Definition
The choroid plexus in each ventricle (epedymal cells and capillaries within the pia mater)
CSF is secreted by epedymal cells that originates in blood plasma.
Term
What is the circulation of CSF
Definition
1)CSF produced by the choroid plexus of each ventricle
2) CSF flows from lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle through cerebral aqueduct into 4th ventricle.
3) CSF in 4th ventricle flows into subarachnoid space, fills central canal of spinal cord
4) in subarachnoid space, removes waste products and provides buoyancy
5) As CSF accumulates provides pressure on arachnoid villi. Extend villi into dural venous sinuses providing conduit for one way flow of excess CSF into bloodstream.
Term
What is the BBB?
Definition
Astrocytes that strictly regulate what substances can enter the interstitial fluid of brain.
Term
Why are some areas without the BBB? What areas are they?
Definition
Some areas of the brain require access to or regulation of the blood stream
The hypothalamus - hormone production with needed access to bloodstream
The choroid plexus - CSF formation
the Pineal gland - hormone production with needed access to bloodstream
Term
What is the cerebrum
Definition
location of conscious thought and processes, origin of complex intellectual functions. Composed of outer gray matter called cerebrum cortex, inner white matter, and areas of gray matter in white matter called cerebral nuclei.
Term
What is the central sulcus
Definition
deep groove that marks the boundary between frontal lobe and parietal lobe
Term
What is the lateral sulcus
Definition
deep groove marking the boundary between the temporal lobe and the frontal/parietal lobes.
Term
Postcentral gyrus
Definition
mass of nervous tissue immediately posterior to the central sulcus
Term
Precentral gyrus
Definition
mass of nervous tissue immediately anterior to the central sulcus.
Term
What is the primary motor cortex (somatic motor area)?
Definition
located within the precentral gyrus of frontal lobe, contains neurons that control voluntary skeletal muscles activity. Left primary motor cortex controls right side and visa versa
Term
Explain the innervation of the motor cortex to various body parts.
Definition
The hands have a large part of the motor cortex dedicated to it because hands perform very detailed work, versus the trunk, which has very little of the motor cortex dedicated to it.
Term
Where and what is the motor speech area (Boca area)
Definition
located in left frontal lobe, responsible for controlling muscular movements necessary for vocalization.
Term
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located and what does it do?
Definition
1)Located in postecentral sulcus of parietal lobe
2) receive general somatic sensory information from touch, pressure, pain and temperature.
Term
What is an association area?
Definition

Either process and interpret incoming data or coordinate a motor response

Integrate new sensory inputs with memories of past experience. 

Term
What is the Wernicke are?
Definition
area responsible for recognizing, understanding and comprehending spoken and written language. Must work with motor speech area for communication to occur.
Term
What is the premotor cortex?
Definition
1)Located in frontal lobe, anterior to precentral gyrus
2) process motor information and coordinates learned skills (playing piano)
Term
What is the somatosensory association area?
Definition
1) located in parietal lobe, posterior to primary somatosensory cortex
2) interprets sensory information, responsible for integrating and interpreting sensory information. (ex. texture, temperature, pressue)
Term
What is the auditory association area?
Definition
1)located in temporal lobe
2) interpret sound and store memories of sound
Term
What is the visual association area?
Definition
1) located in occipital lobe
2)process visual information, analyze color, movement, form to identify what we see. (recognizing a face)
Term
What is the central white matter
Definition
located deep to the gray matter, composed of myelinated axons.
Term
What is the association tract (fibers)
Definition
part of the central white matter
fibers and neurons that connect different parts of the brain together within the same hemisphere. ex. Wernicke ares to motor speech area.
Term
What are commissural fibers?
Definition
extends between cerebral hemispheres connecting through axonal bridges called commissures.
Ex. Corpus collosum connecting the right and left hemispheres
Term
What are Projection fibers
Definition
connect cerebral cortex to inferior brain regions and spinal cord.
Ex. corticospinal tract - carry motor signals from the cerebrum to the spinal cord and brainstem
Term
What is the cerebral nuclei
Definition
paired irregular mass of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres.
Has input in skeletal muscle control
Term
What does the putamen do?
Definition
controlling muscular movement at the subconscious level
Term
What does the globus pallidus do
Definition
excites and inhibits the activities of the hypothalamus to control and adjust muscle tone.
Term
What does the caudate nusleus do?
Definition
neurons in this nucleus stimulate the appropriate muscles to produce the pattern and rhythm of arm and leg movements associated with walking.
Term
What is the diencephalon
Definition
The in between brain, composed of the thalamus, epithalamus and hypothalamus
Term
What is the epithalamus
Definition
composed of the pineal gland and the habenular nuclei, choroid plexus above epithalamus
Term
What is the pineal gland
Definition
endocrine gland, releases melatonin responsible for day/night cycles (circadian rhythm)
Term
What is the habenular nuclei
Definition
relays signals from limbic system, visceral and emotional response to odors.
Term
What is the thalamus
Definition
The principle and final relay point for sensory information. Acts as information filter filtering out white noise.
Term
What is the hypothalamus
Definition
Master control of ANS
Master control of endocrine system
Controls emotional behavior
controls food and water intake
regulation of sleep/wake cycles
Term
What is the mammillary body?
Definition
part of hypothalamus
Processes sensations related to smelling
Term
What is the Infundibulum?
Definition
part of hypothalamus
attaches hypothalamus to pituitary gland
Term
What is the brain stem
Definition
bidirectional passageway for all tracts between the cerebellum and the spinal cord.
Term
What is the medulla oblongata
Definition
Part of brainstem
1)Cardiac center - Regulates heart rate and strength of contraction
2) vasomotor center - controls blood pressure by regulating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of arteries.
3) respiratory center - regulates respiratory rate.
4) houses cranial nerves
Term
What is the Pons
Definition
Part of brainstem
1) houses the autonomic respiratory center that regulates rate and depth of breathing.
houses sensory and motor cranial nerves
Term
What is the mesencephalon
Definition
Midbrain, superior portion of brainstem, contains cerebral aqueduct, houses oculomotor nerve and trochlear nerve.
Term
What is the superior colluculi?
Definition
Visual reflex center, visually track moving objects and control reflexes such as turning head and eyes in response to stimuli.
Term
What is the inferior colliculi
Definition
auditory reflex center, control reflexive turning of the head/eyes in response to sudden sound.
Term
What is the cerebral aquaduct
Definition
connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles
Term
What is the substantia nigra
Definition
contains melanin pigmentation, houses clusters of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine, which affect brain processes that control movement, emotional response and ability to experience pleasure or pain. Degeneration of these cells is the related to Parkinsons Disease.
Term
What is the Red nucleus
Definition
along with tegmentum, issues involuntary motor commands erector spinae muscles to help maintain posture while standing, bending at waist and walking.
Term
What is the corpora aquaduct
Definition
house superior and inferior colliculi, relay stations for in the processing pathway of visual and auditory sensations.
Term
What is the cerebellum
Definition
coordinates and fine tunes skeletal muscle movements and ensures muscle contraction follows correct patterns leading to smooth coordinated movements.
Stores memory of previously learned movement patterns.
Controls proprioception.
Term
What is the limbic system
Definition
involved in motivation, emotion and memory with an emotional association.
Past memory of a physical sensation with emotional state.
Term
What is the cingulate gyrus
Definition
brings emotionally significant events into conscious
Term
What is the hippocampus
Definition
storing memories and forming long term memory
Term
What is the fonix
Definition
tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus with other diencephalon limbic structures
Term
What is the amygdaloid body?
Definition
help store and code memory based on how a person emotionally perceived them.
Term
What are cranial nerves
Definition
Part of PNS
Term
I - Olfactory
Definition
Sensory
Smell
Term
II - Optic
Definition
Sensory
Vision
Term
III - Oculomotor
Definition
Motor
Eye Muscles
Pupil dilation/constriction
Term
IV - Trochlear
Definition
Motor
Eye Muscle
Term
V - Trigeminal
Definition
Mixed
Face pain/temp
Face touch
Jaw proprioception
Term
VI - Abducens
Definition
Motor
Eye Muscle
Term
VII - Facial
Definition
Mixed
Facial expression
Salivary glands
Taste
Term
VIII - Vestibulocochlear
Definition
Sensory
Auditory
Balance/equilibrium
Term
IX - Glossopharyngeal
Definition
Mixed
Head and Neck:
-Salivary glands
-Swallowing muscle
-Taste
Term
X - Vagus
Definition
Mixed
Thorax, abdomen
Term
XI - Accessory
Definition
Motor
Stemocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Term
XII - Hypoglossal
Definition
Motor
Tongue muscle
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