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| An agency established by Congress in March 1865 to establish schools, provide aid to the poor and aged, settle disputes between whites and blacks, and secure for former slaves and white Unionists equal treatment before the courts. |
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| Type of farm tenancy that developed after the Civil War in which landless workers‚ often former slaves, farmed land in exchange for farm supplies and a share of the crop. |
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| Merchants extended credit to tenants based on their future crops, but high interest rates and the uncertainties of farming often led to inescapable debts. |
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| Laws passed in southern states to restrict the rights of former slaves; to nullify the codes, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment |
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| Civil Rights Bill of 1866 |
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| Along with the Fourteenth Amendment, guaranteed the rights of citizenship to former slaves. |
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| Guaranteed rights of citizenship to former slaves, in words similar to those of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. |
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| Temporarily divided the South into 5 military districts and called for the creation of new state governments, with black men give the right to vote |
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| "Waving the bloody shirt" |
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| A tactic of Republicans whereby they identified their opponents with secession and treason. |
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| Prohibited states from denying citizens the right to vote because of race. |
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| A woman's right to vote, an issue raised for the first time at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 |
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| Derisive term for northern emigrants who participated in the Republican governments of the Reconstruction South; Bureau agents |
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| southern white Republicans‚ some former Unionists‚ who supported Reconstruction governments. |
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| Organized in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866 to terrorize former slaves who voted and held political offices during Reconstruction; a revived organization in the 1910s and 1920s stressed white, Anglo-Saxon, fundamentalist Protestant supremacy; the Klan revived a third time to fight the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s in the South. |
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| Three acts outlawing terrorist societies and allowing the president to use the army against them |
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| In 1837, armed whites assaulted the town of Colfax, Louisiana, with a small cannon, killing hundreds of former slaves and fifty black militia members after they surrendered. |
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| Outlawed racial discrimination in places of public accommodation like hotels and theaters |
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A decision that rejected the claim by butchers that their right to equality before the law had been violated;
the Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment had not altered traditional federalism. |
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Conservative white Democrats, many of them planters or businessmen, who reclaimed control of the South following the end of Reconstruction;
Claimed to have “redeemed” the white South from corruption, misgovernment, and northern and black control |
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| In the aftermath of a close presidential election, an Electoral Commission declared Rutherford B. Hayes president contingent a variety of compromises and agreements upon his taking office. |
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